Abdul Rahman, People's Dispatch. (2025-04-28). If International Trade Reverts To The 'Law Of Jungle,' All Will Be Victims. popularresistance.org Speaking in an informal meeting of the UN Security Council on Wednesday, April 23 China's permanent representative Fu Cong questioned the unilateralism pursued by the US in international trade claiming it "severely infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of all countries" and violates the rule based multilateral trading system. | Cong claimed a multilateral approach remains the only option for the advancement of all countries and affirmed "no country has the right to put itself above international law" and dictate terms to others. He offered Chinese cooperation in dealing with the situation to the coun…

United World International (2025-04-28). "BRICS countries should stand up and safeguard multilateral treaties" uwidata.com By Yunus Soner, from Antalya / Türkiye We are continuing our series of interviews conducted on the Antalya Diplomacy Forum that took place 11-13 of April. Dr. Henry Huiyao Wang is founder and president of the Center for China and Globalization. Hence, the interview started with a focus on Trump's tariffs — and ended with …

newarab (2025-04-28). India's growing bid for influence in the Gulf. newarab.com Deepening ties with Saudi Arabia, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently returned from Jeddah, where he Notably, the visit comes at a time when India may wish to present itself as a suitable manufacturing option to China, which is

A a (2025-04-28). La Cina accelera l'"internazionalizzazione dello yuan-renminbi" strategic-culture.su La Cina sta usando la sua moneta per ridurre la dipendenza dal dollaro americano | Segue nostro Lo scorso ottobre, la People's Bank of China ha

albawaba (2025-04-28). US Temu customers report $89 in imported taxes amid tariffs. albawaba.com ALBAWABA – US Temu customers recently took to social media and expressed their anger towards Trump's tariffs on China after noticing that the imported taxes on orders from the Chinese shipping platform have skyrocketed. Several social media users took to Musk's X (formerly known as Twitter) and swarmed the platform with screenshots of their Temu orders. Many noticed that the imported taxes implemented on US orders have more than doubled in price. A customer shared his $63 order, followed by nearly $90 in imported tax, and wrote, "$89 import charges on $64 worth of Temu merchandise. It has begun…" US Temu cu…

albawaba (2025-04-28). China launches satellite for data relay and transmission. albawaba.com ALBAWABA — China has launched a new satellite dedicated to data relay and transmission from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) in Sichuan, a province in southwestern China.China launched Tianlian II-05 satellite: The Tianlian II-05 satellite was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC) in Sichuan, a province in southwestern China, for data relay and transmission purposes. | The Tianlian II-05 satellite was launched aboard a Long March-3B carrier rocket and successfully entered its planned orbit, according to People's Daily Online, the official newspaper of the Central Committe…

latintimes (2025-04-28). China Urges Antitrust Compliance in CK Hutchison's Global Ports Deal. latintimes.com China warns CK Hutchison and partners not to bypass antitrust review in $23 billion global ports sale to BlackRock-led group.

latintimes (2025-04-28). Stock Markets Mostly Rise As Investors Eye Trade Talks. latintimes.com Investors were also keeping tabs on China after President Xi Jinping and other top leaders last week discussed plans to boost consumption in the world's number two economy.

aljazeera (2025-04-28). Manila denies China 'dealt with' Philippine mission to disputed reef. aljazeera.com Philippine officials say a mission visited Sandy Cay Reef in disputed South China Sea and unfurled the national flag.

tvbrics (2025-04-28). China makes major progress in grassland restoration. tvbrics.com The country's forestry sector enters the digital era with a new large-scale model…

Sarang Shidore (2025-04-28). China, Philippines both plant flag on reef, escalating Maritime tussle. responsiblestatecraft.org The Philippines-China maritime tussle just edged up a notch this past week, with Chinese television

newleftreview (2025-04-28). Jiwei Xiao: China's Worker Artists. newleftreview.org Jiwei Xiao on Margaret Hillenbrand, On the Edge. Analysis of working-class precarity as a structure of feeling, manifest in Chinese literary and visual culture.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Enterprises eye China's huge consumer market. ecns.cn In the just-concluded China International Consumer Products Expo 2025 in Hainan province, foreign giants like Burberry and CP Group have shown optimism and long-term commitment to the Chinese market.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China's gold output sees steady growth in Q1 of 2025. ecns.cn China's gold output saw steady growth in the first quarter of 2025, according to industry data published on Monday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China's wind, solar energy capacity outpaces coal power. ecns.cn China's combined installed capacity for wind and solar power has historically surpassed that of coal power by the end of the first quarter this year, marking a significant milestone in the country's energy transition.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Construction of China's Adora Flora City cruise ship enters floating stage. ecns.cn China's second domestically-made large cruise ship — Adora Flora City — reached a crucial point in its construction on Monday, moving closer to its scheduled delivery in 2026.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Museum docent: Unity of all Chinese ethnic groups creates today's happy life. ecns.cn Ji Wenyi, a docent at Xiangshan Museum of the Founding of New China, has been a frontline worker for six years since joining the museum.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China reveals details of U.S. cyberattack on major encryption provider. ecns.cn U.S. intelligence agencies launched cyberattacks against a major Chinese commercial cryptography provider in 2024, stealing sensitive data, according to a report from China's National Computer Network Emergency Response Technical Team/Coordination Center (CNCERT).

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Sichuan Airlines launches direct flights between Chengdu and Madrid. ecns.cn Sichuan Airlines has officially launched a direct air route linking Chengdu and Madrid, further strengthening ties between China and Spain.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China's grain supply would not be affected even without U.S. imports: official. ecns.cn Even without importing feed grains and oilseeds from the United States, China's grain supply would not be affected, Zhao Chenxin, vice chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), said on Monday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China opens first peony cargo line to boost flower economy. ecns.cn The first Chinese peony flower cargo line from Heze, Shandong Province to Ezhou in Hubei Province opened at Huahu International Airport, Asia's first cargo hub, in Ezhou on Sunday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China steps up to oppose U.S. tariff hegemony with justified countermeasures to uphold international justice: official. ecns.cn A Chinese official said on Monday that the so-called "reciprocal tariffs" imposed by the U.S. have had a global impact. Fabricating grounds for action, engaging in bullying and coercion, and repeatedly going back on its word, the U.S. has gravely violated the tide of history and the laws of economics.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China adds 3.08 million new urban jobs in Q1. ecns.cn About 3.08 million new urban jobs were created nationwide in the first quarter, an increase of 50,000 compared to the same period last year, according to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Whooping cough cases increasing, health authorities launch prevention campaign. ecns.cn China is witnessing a dramatic resurgence of whooping cough (pertussis), with reported cases reaching a 40-year peak in 2024. Nearly 500,000 cases have been recorded this year—a 12-fold increase compared to 2023.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Beijing-based hospital dismisses associate chief physician after ethics violation. ecns.cn The China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing announced on Sunday night the dismissal of an associate chief physician in its thoracic surgery department following allegations of professional misconduct and personal ethics violations.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China expects over 2 mln daily cross-border passengers during Labor Day holiday. ecns.cn Ports across China will see an average of 2.15 million cross-border passenger trips every day during the upcoming Labor Day holiday, which starts on Thursday, the National Immigration Administration estimated on Monday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China sends new data relay satellite into space. ecns.cn Tianlian II-05, China's second-generation geosynchronous orbit data-relay satellite, will provide data relay and TT&C (telemetry, tracking and command) services for manned spacecraft.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Google misbehaves again in South China Sea issue stoked by U.S., Philippines: expert. ecns.cn Google Maps recently labeled part of the western Philippine archipelago as the "West Philippine Sea" instead of the internationally recognized "South China Sea," "ÄÄsparking public concern.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Museum docent: Sharing revolutionary stories of ethnic unity is my mission. ecns.cn Ji Wenyi, a docent at Xiangshan Museum of the Founding of New China, has been a frontline worker for six years since joining the museum.

hindustantimes (2025-04-28). Scared Pakistan's Urgent Call Amid India's Pahalgam Revenge Fear: China Shocks After 'Missile Move'. hindustantimes.com China expressed support for its all-weather ally Pakistan in the aftermath of Pahalgam terror attack. Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi spoke to his Pakistani counterpart Ishaq Dar on Sunday and backed Islamabad in safeguarding its sovereignty and security interests. Wang called both sides to exercise restraint and called for an "impartial investigation" into the Pahalgam terror attack, as per a readout from China's foreign ministry.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Q1 int'l air travel soars to new heights. ecns.cn China's international air transport sector saw a sustained recovery in the first quarter, with flight numbers and passenger volumes continuing to climb, the Civil Aviation Administration of China said on Sunday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Ex-Japan PM urges tech collaboration with China. ecns.cn Japan and China can leverage their respective strengths in a macro-micro partnership, particularly in the realms of artificial intelligence and robotics, to achieve mutual benefits and success.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Hong Kong, Zhejiang strengthen cooperation. ecns.cn Cooperation between Zhejiang province and Hong Kong will enable the two regions to join forces and seize major opportunities brought by China's high-quality development and high-level opening-up.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Transport sector to be powered by low-carbon electricity in a decade. ecns.cn China aims to establish a modern energy system for its transport sector by 2035, focusing on clean, low-carbon energy consumption, technological innovation, and green, efficient practices, the Ministry of Transport said on Friday.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). AI tech set to reshape consumer experience. ecns.cn The boundaries between technology and daily life fade visibly at a rapid pace as I strolled through the exhibition halls of the China International Consumer Products Expo 2025.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Hainan expanding reach of low-altitude economy. ecns.cn China's low-altitude economy, a strategic emerging sector that is key to developing new quality productive forces, has captured the imagination of the country's tropical island of Hainan province.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). China-developed single-person wearable aircraft completes first public flight. ecns.cn A wearable single-person aircraft based on a triple-duct configuration, developed by Hangzhou Zhiyuan Research Institute, has completed its first public flight in Hangzhou, eastern China's Zhejiang Province.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Growing number of Chinese students choosing Ireland for higher education. ecns.cn Chinese mainland students accounted for 10.9 percent of the international student body in Irish higher education last year, making China the third-largest source country for foreign students in Ireland behind India and the United States.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Green draft to be scrutinized by legislators. ecns.cn A draft environmental code, poised to become China's second formal statutory code once adopted, has been submitted to an ongoing session of the country's top legislature for a first reading.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Scenery of renowned water town in Jiangsu. ecns.cn Known as the "No. 1 water town in China", Zhouzhuang preserves traditional architectures with distinct riverside features including revetments, arch bridges, white walls and black tiles.

newleftreview (2025-04-28). Wang Xiaoming: On Civilization and Its Barbarisms. newleftreview.org Lessons from the history of Chinese thought on the tension between the liberal-democratic internal order of great powers and the imperial 'law of the jungle' to which they subject weaker countries. How to resist their barbarity—how to civilize oneself—without barbarizing others?

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Xi stresses pooling strength of working class for rejuvenation of Chinese nation. ecns.cn President Xi Jinping on Monday called for pooling the strength of the country's working class and working people and working hard in a down-to-earth manner to turn the grand blueprint of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation into reality.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Hong Kong to welcome 840,000 mainland arrivals for May Day holidays. ecns.cn HKSAR is expected to welcome about 840,000 tourists from the Chinese mainland during the upcoming five-day May Day holidays, which would be up 10 percent from the same period last year and up 13 percent from this year's Spring Festival holidays .

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Norwegian film wins 4 Tiantan awards. ecns.cn The 15th Beijing International Film Festival concluded on Saturday with a star-studded closing ceremony that unveiled the winners of the Tiantan Award, the festival's top honor.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). (W.E. Talk) Jenny Shipley: The enlightenment of Mencius' thoughts on bridging the divides in the international community. ecns.cn I am intensely interested in the history of civilizations, their evolution, and their application to challenges and opportunities. I am not an expert on Confucius's or Mencius's thought, but I believe that Oriental civilizations, and Mencius's perspective in particular, offer an exceptional opportunity. What is clear to me is that applying a Mencius perspective to Oriental civilization causes one to pause, reflect, and consider.

Abby Zimet (2025-04-28). Marks of the Fascist, Tacky, Insatiable Beast. commondreams.org As we approach the 100-day milestone (yes it's only been that long) a sadistic, repressive regime increasingly reviled by its own people defiantly hurtles on – arresting judges, crushing dissent, abducting migrants, citizens, pregnant mothers, sick toddlers – while grotesquely cashing in on its atrocities with tawdry meme coins, black-tie dinners, loyalty pins and OMFG 2028 hats. We are become government by chaos, cruelty, greed – Liberace backed by the Stasi, a nation of gulags filled with gold (plated) gimcracks. SAD.Historically, the 100-day milestone is seen as an ad-hoc national Rorschach test on a new p…

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Auto Shanghai 2025 sees old vs new, tech vs legacy. ecns.cn With booths of more than 1,000 exhibitors spread across 16 halls at the National Exhibition and Convention Center in Shanghai, Auto Shanghai 2025 is intimidatingly big for one who wants to see them all in person.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Shanghai hospital debuts world's first integrated CT ring linear accelerator. ecns.cn The world's first integrated CT ring linear accelerator was put into clinical use at Shanghai Renji Hospital on Saturday, making a breakthrough in the country's research and clinical application of high-end medical equipment and setting a new benchmark in the field of oncology radiation therapy.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Xizang holds Dangjiren horse racing festival. ecns.cn Dangjiren literally means a grand party in Damxung, a county located at an average altitude of 4,300 meters in northern Lhasa. During the Dangjiren horse racing festival, local residents wearing colorful long-sleeved clothes and hats race against each other on horses decorated with colorful ornaments.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Henan's peonies bring out poetry in nation's culture. ecns.cn Every April, the peony gardens of Luoyang in Henan province come alive as over 1,000 varieties burst into bloom, drawing visitors from home and abroad.

ecns.cn (2025-04-28). Buffalo herd crosses Jialing River to forage in Sichuan. ecns.cn Over 200 buffaloes swam across the river at sunrise to reach pasture and return at sunset.

Becky Murad√°s-Taylor; Philip Taylor (2024). 'Cold Spots' in Language Degree Provision in England. Language Learning Journal, v52 n1 p92-103. People have been raising the alarm about a language education crisis in the UK, particularly in England, for twenty years. Yet the crisis continues: the number of young people studying languages at school is low, especially in socioeconomically less-privileged areas. University programmes — particularly in universities with below average entry tariffs — are closing, but we do not understand the regional impact of this decline. This paper fills that gap by identifying 'cold spots': areas of the country where no universities offer language degrees. The programming language R was used to analyse the location of universities at various entry tariffs, and areas of the country further than a commutable distance of 60 km were identified. Large cold spots were found in the North, East and South West of England for universities offering languages at below average entry tariff, with the cold spot in the South West also present at higher entry tariffs. This is a social justice issue, since… [Direct]

Murad√°s-Taylor, Becky (2023). Undergraduate Language Programmes in England: A Widening Participation Crisis. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, v22 n3 p322-342 Jul. England has a language education crisis: fewer people are studying languages at school and university language programmes are closing. This study analyses data from the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS), the UK admissions service for higher education. The study quantifies how entry tariff and socioeconomic background affect access to language degree programmes. The results show that: (1) the number of students studying languages and number of languages offered correlate with entry tariff; and (2) the probability of a university offering languages and probability of it offering a range of at least five languages correlate with entry tariff and the percentage of students from less privileged socioeconomic backgrounds. Thus a widening participation crisis is highlighted: while many young people are unable to access language degree programmes, a small proportion, with the highest tariffs, can choose from a range of at least five languages. To combat the crisis, a… [Direct]

Katherine Davey (2024). Bucking the Trend: High-Achieving, Working-Class Girls and Their Strategic University Decision Making. British Journal of Sociology of Education, v45 n3 p332-346. Based on the life and educational histories of sixteen high-achieving, working-class girls applying to high-tariff universities, this paper rekindles debates about the role of agency within the decision-making process of young people who might not otherwise be expected to apply to such institutions. It draws on Margaret Archer's theorising to tease out the interplay between structure and agency in the form of reflexivity and show how this shapes the girls' educational trajectories, rather than pre-determining them. The paper highlights how social class powerfully influences working-class applicants' university plans, in the form of constraints and enablements, but also argues that the girls in this paper are not simply passive young women to whom things happen. As active agents, they are instead becoming increasingly skilled in reflexively navigating their own pathways through education and advance their applications to high-tariff universities in strategic and deliberative ways…. [Direct]

Black, Anna M. (2022). Vocational and Mature Student Success in Higher Education Foundation Programmes. Journal of Continuing Higher Education, v70 n2 p105-121. Higher education in the UK is pressured to widen participation due to the social justice issues of mobility and movement through the class divide. However, those from lower classes and mature students elect for qualifications that do not classically allow entry into university, for example, the Business and Technology Education Council (BTEC) and Access to Higher Education (AHE) diplomas. A solution to this is a university bridging programme. Such a programme was analysed as to whether it prepares different cohorts of students effectively for undergraduate programmes, that is, those who have just missed the entry qualification but are coming from Advanced level qualifications, the other coming from nontraditional entry routes. Data from one academic year were anonymised and analysed. Results indicated that students coming from courses designed to widen participation scored significantly lower on the programme than those coming from Advanced level awards of any subject. This indicates… [Direct]

Aguil√≥, Paula; Sard, Maria; Tugores, Maria (2016). Price Discrimination: A Classroom Experiment. Journal of Economic Education, v47 n2 p132-139. In this article, the authors describe a classroom experiment aimed at familiarizing students with different types of price discrimination (first-, second-, and third-degree price discrimination). During the experiment, the students were asked to decide what tariffs to set as monopolists for each of the price discrimination scenarios under consideration. The objective was to allow the students to work empirically, through trial and error, selecting tariffs for each type of discrimination that would maximize a monopolistic entrepreneur's profits. The purpose of the exercise also was to enable the students to differentiate each type of price discrimination and to set tariffs in each case, as well to help them understand the repercussions in terms of welfare for each type of price discrimination…. [Direct]

Hastings, Jayne; Noyes, Andrew (2023). Predicting Outcomes in Sport and Exercise Science Degrees: The Effect of Qualification Pathways. Journal of Further and Higher Education, v47 n10 p1337-1350. In the UK, most prospective university students study 'traditional' academic qualifications such as A-Levels. However, increasing numbers of students are entering UK higher education with 'non-traditional' or vocational qualifications. This has provoked debate about the relationships between entry qualifications and degree outcomes; this paper investigates this relationship in sport and exercise science. Data from five large cohorts of undergraduates at a post-1992 university in the Midlands of England are analysed to investigate predictors of degree outcomes. The models predict better degree outcomes for those with higher UCAS tariff points; who studied A-Levels; who were female and white. Students entering with only vocational qualifications were more likely to be BME, male, and from poorer backgrounds. Therefore, the apparent associations between entry qualifications and outcomes can misrecognise the importance of the qualifications themselves. Students are not randomly… [Direct]

Gramling, David (2020). Supralingualism and the Translatability Industry. Applied Linguistics, v41 n1 p129-147 Feb. This article argues that a new form of globalizing multilingualism, which I call 'supralingualism', has been afoot since 1990, when the rise of algorithmic translation and cross-linguistic information retrieval (CLIR) practices set in in earnest in the supply-side logistics industries. A political landscape characterized by international consensus and compliance in the 1990s (as opposed to tariff wars and logistical nationalism) further buttressed this new ideology, leading to a newly multilingual centripetality in the global management of meaning. Based on historical examples and evidence from computational engineering, this article tracks the extraordinary growth of this sector and its implications for other arenas of language practice, implications that include: monolingualization, securitization, dehistoricization, lexicaliztation, and the reduction of 'culture' to its most overt linguistic forms…. [Direct]

Rushton, Nicky (2022). Register of Change Part 1, 2000-2010. Research Report. Cambridge University Press & Assessment During recent years there have been many changes in education and assessment. This document tracks some of the changes that have occurred to education in England between 2000 and 2010. The start date was chosen as it coincided with the start of a new curriculum and a major change to A levels. The end date corresponds to the start of the coalition government, which introduced many changes to qualifications. This document is intended to provide details for some of the changes that have occurred since then. It focuses on secondary school education and general qualifications, although where appropriate it also includes information on changes to primary school education. The document is divided into sections to enable the changes to qualifications to be tracked more easily: (1) Introduction and withdrawal of qualifications; (2) Changes to General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) prior to reform programme; (3) Changes to A levels; (4) The National Curriculum and National… [PDF]

Banks, Brian; Ford, Chris; Mbeau-ache, Cyril (2022). The Self-Directed Learning Readiness of Access to HE Students at City College Plymouth, United Kingdom. Journal of Adult and Continuing Education, v28 n2 p449-462 Nov. This study examines the levels of self-directed learning skills for students on the Access to HE course at City College and how these skills relate to their academic achievement. In this study, 101 students participated in a survey and their self-directed learning readiness was measured using the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SRSSDL). Achievement was determined using the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) tariff point system. The findings showed that 38% of students on the course had moderate levels of self-directed learning and 62% had high levels of self-directedness. The mean SRSSDL score for all students who took part in the study indicated just an above moderate level of self-directed learning. These findings suggest that areas for improvement should be identified and evaluated and strategies adopted with the help of the teacher to help improve students' self-directed learning skills. Results from further analysis revealed that self-directed learning… [Direct]

Ireland, Jo; Rushton, Nicky (2022). Register of Change Part 2, 2010-2021. Research Report. Cambridge University Press & Assessment During recent years there have been many changes in education and assessment. Curricula have been updated, qualifications have been introduced and other qualifications withdrawn, particular skills have been valued then removed from assessment. This document tracks some of the changes that have occurred to education in England since 2010. The start date was chosen as it coincided with the beginning of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government, which introduced many changes to qualifications. It focuses mainly on secondary school education and general qualifications, although where appropriate it also includes information on changes to primary school and technical education. The document is divided into sections to enable the changes to qualifications to be tracked more easily: (1) Introduction and withdrawal of qualifications; (2) COVID-19 pandemic effects on schooling in England; (3) COVID-19 pandemic effects on vocational and technical qualifications in England; (4)… [PDF]

Asarta, Carlos J.; Mixon, Franklin G.; Upadhyaya, Kamal P. (2018). Multiple Product Qualities in Monopoly: Sailing the RMS "Titanic" into the Economics Classroom. Journal of Economic Education, v49 n2 p173-179. In this pedagogical contribution the authors extend the traditional three-class tariff employed in the French passenger railway system with the more resonant story of the service quality variations associated with the three passenger classes of the ill-fated RMS "Titanic." In doing so, they provide economics instructors with an opportunity to integrate the well-known motion picture "Titanic" (Cameron and Landau 1997) into the teaching of economics. This article provides instructors with resources that can be used to link historical and modern travel examples of price discrimination in order for students to reach a "deeper understanding of course concepts" (Salemi 2002, 725)…. [Direct]

de Villiers, Teresa; Kinnersley, Paul; Maxwell, Nina; Metcalf, Elizabeth; Pithouse, Andrew; Scourfield, Jonathan; Tayyaba, Sadia; Zhang, Meng Le (2019). Evaluation of a Fast-Track Postgraduate Social Work Program in England Using Simulated Practice. Research on Social Work Practice, v29 n4 p363-374 May. Objective: Using data from our evaluation of the Frontline fast-track social work training program, introduced by the Government in England, we compare the performance of the first cohort of Frontline trainees with students from regular social work programs using simulated practice. Method: Forty-nine Frontline trainees were compared with 36 postgraduate students in high-tariff universities and 30 students from a range of other regular programs. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the performance of the three groups in interviews and written reflections. Results: Frontline trainees were rated significantly higher than comparison groups for the quality of their interviewing and written reflection. Despite these higher ratings for practice quality, the Frontline trainees' rating of their own confidence in their abilities was lower than their counterparts on regular programs. Conclusions: The practice quality of Frontline graduates is promising. Longitudinal research is needed in… [Direct]

Ayres-Bennett, Wendy; Dufresne, Eliane; Hafner, Marco; Yerushalmi, Erez (2022). The Economic Value to the UK of Speaking Other Languages. RR-A1814-1. RAND Europe The UK has experienced a sharp decline overall in the uptake of languages since 2004, as evidenced by the falling number of entries for GCSE and A Level examinations in languages. At a time when the UK government seeks to reset its global economic relationships as part of its vision of 'Global Britain', such a decline is likely to have negative effects on the UK's ability to compete internationally, This research assessed the economic value of languages to the UK in general and then evaluated the potential economic benefits to the UK of improving languages education in schools. The study found that languages play a significant role in international trade and that not sharing a common language acts as a non-tariff trade barrier. A key finding of the study is that investing in languages education in the UK will most likely return more than the investment cost, even under conservative assumptions. The benefit-to-cost ratios are estimated to be at least 2:1 for promoting Arabic, French,… [Direct]

Aves, Stephen J.; King, Nicola C. (2012). Effect of A-Level Subject Choice and Entry Tariff on Final Degree and Level 1 Performance in Biosciences. Bioscience Education, v19 Article 1 Jun. Following the publication of the higher education white paper increasing entry tariff and widening participation have become even more important issues for universities. This report examines the relationship between entry tariff and undergraduate achievement in Biosciences at the University of Exeter. We show that, whilst there is a significant correlation between A-level tariff and both level 1 and final degree marks, the magnitude of the correlation decreases with increasing A-level tariff. It was also found that, contrary to anecdotal evidence, there is no link between A-level maths or chemistry and degree success in biosciences. However gender was found to have a marked effect on degree success independent of A-level tariff. Female students consistently obtained marks more than one third of a degree classification higher than male students with equivalent entry qualifications. These results are compared to investigations in other disciplines, notably medicine, and in the context… [Direct]

√áetin, M√ºzeyyen Eldeni?z (2021). Determination of Reinforcement Usage Strategies during Literacy Education of Teachers Working with Students with Multiple Disabilities in Turkey. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, v9 n1 p25-32 Jan. In this study, it is aimed to determine the opinions of teachers working with students with multiple disabilities about the way in which they determine and use reinforcements during literacy education. The research was designed based on the qualitative research design, and the data was collected from 5 male and 15 female teachers using the semi-structured interview technique. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using the descriptive analysis technique. As a result of the research, it was found that teachers working with students with multiple disabilities mostly stated that the use of reinforcers is important. They also emphasized that their use also motivates students, helps them to gain positive behavior, and makes education effective and permanent. Most of the teachers expressed that they make observations while determining the reinforcement suitable for their students. It was found that the teachers used the observations to take the interests, needs, likes and… [PDF]

Bavage, A. D.; Gaskell, E. H.; Jones, H. L.; Prendergast, J. R. (2017). Unexpected Benefits of Pre-University Skills Training for A-Level Students. Educational Studies, v43 n1 p67-70. First-year undergraduates can find the transition from the prescriptive learning environment at school to one of self-directed learning at university, a considerable challenge. A Pre-university Skills Course (PSC) was developed to address this issue by preparing sixth formers for the university learning style. It was piloted with students in the year prior to A-level examinations at a selective state-funded school in East Anglia. The present paper examines the effect of the course on the students' A-level tariff. Chi-squared analysis of A-level grades of students with comparable GCSE results, indicate that students who undertook the PSC performed significantly better in their A-level results than those who did not. These data demonstrate how skills training might improve A-level performance and assist in the transition to university…. [Direct]

Qin, Siying; Zhou, Ruiqi (2020). A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reports on Sino-US Trade War in "The New York Times". English Language Teaching, v13 n10 p85-98. Critical Discourse Analysis is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse regarding language as a form of social practice. As a specific discourse, news discourse is a representation of the journalists' expression and construction of events, as well as readers' understanding and cognition of the events reported. It functions as a carrier that transmits ideologies and social values. Recently, news reports on the trade conflicts between China and the US has been the focus of world attention. A study of news reports on Sino-US trade conflicts with Critical Discourse Analysis approach helps interpret the relation between language use and social contexts and reveal ideological significance and power struggle in language. Twenty pieces of news reports on China's tariff actions on the United States, collected from "The New York Times" from 2018 to 2019 are studied and the result shows that the use of language in the news texts is not arbitrary, but rather dominated by… [PDF]

(2016). Higher Education in England 2016: Key Facts. September 2016/20. Higher Education Funding Council for England This updated edition of "Higher Education in England: Key Facts" provides a statistical overview of key sector trends and developments in 2016. Using the most recent data, it draws together key findings from a range of reports published by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) over the past year to provide a robust, accessible evidence base. The first chapter reports on data on entrants to undergraduate courses. The numbers of full-time United Kingdom (UK) and other European Union (EU) entrants in 2015-16 were estimated to be 404,000, an increase of about 4 per cent on the previous year. Entry to postgraduate courses is considered in Chapter 2. The number of UK and other EU entrants to taught postgraduate courses was estimated to have fallen slightly, by 0.8 per cent between 2014-15 and 2015-16, although entry numbers have been broadly stable at around 75,000 for the past four years. The next chapter describes the UK-domiciled student population in higher… [PDF]

Broecke, Stijn (2015). University Rankings: Do They Matter in the UK?. Education Economics, v23 n2 p137-161. This paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of the effect of changes in university rankings on applicant and institution behaviour in the UK. When their rank worsens, universities are found to experience small but statistically significant reductions in the number of applications received as well as in the average tariff score of applicants and accepted applicants. Although the effects found are stronger for certain types of students and institutions, they tend to be modest overall, and suggest that other factors play a more important role in attracting applicants to universities…. [Direct]

Sharma, Shruti (2013). The Impact of Trade Liberalization and Information Technology on India's Manufacturing Sector. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Santa Cruz. This dissertation is an investigation into how trade liberalization and the adoption of information technology have impacted labour and productivity in India's manufacturing sector respectively. The second chapter analyses the relationship between India's liberalization of tariffs on imported intermediate inputs (henceforth input tariff liberalization) and plant-level skill composition. It reveals that plant-level skill composition increased at importing plants relative to non-importing plants in response to input tariff liberalization, mainly via a relative decline in production workers. Incorporating import competition into the framework of analysis suggests that there is a weak complementarity between imported intermediate inputs and skilled workers. The third chapter delves into the mechanisms underlying this relationship by decomposing the imported intermediate inputs into categories of "quality", "scale" and "variety" based on whether they were… [Direct]

Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Sparrow, Robert (2011). Child Labor and Trade Liberalization in Indonesia. Journal of Human Resources, v46 n4 p722-749 Fall. We examine the effects of trade liberalization on child work in Indonesia, identifying geographical differences in the effects of trade policy through district level exposure to reduction in import tariff barriers, from 1993 to 2002. The results suggest that increased exposure to trade liberalization is associated with a decrease in child work among the 10-15 year olds. The effects of tariff reductions are strongest for children from low-skill backgrounds, older siblings, and in rural areas. Favorable income effects for the poor, induced by trade liberalization, are likely to be the dominating effects underlying these results. (Contains 6 tables, 4 figures, and 21 footnotes.)… [Direct]

Ferri, Giuliana; Outhwaite, Deborah (2017). Critical Reflections on Modern Elite Formation and Social Differentiation in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme in England. Oxford Review of Education, v43 n4 p402-416. This paper investigates the changes in educational policy in England regarding the implementing of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (henceforth IBDP) into post-16 (sixth form) education. The aim is to illustrate the unique trajectory of the IBDP in England: from its adoption in schools and colleges across the country, to its removal, due largely to a combination of specific changes, such as government funding criteria inside state education, and the tariff system for university entry that is deployed for qualifications at 18. This paper explores this combination of changes using interview data with 28 senior leaders from eight schools and colleges that have introduced the IBDP, including state centres that have subsequently had to remove it from their curriculum. Employing the idea of a neo-liberal social imaginary, this paper analyses the resulting level of social exclusion inside the English post-16 curriculum created by the educational policies adopted by… [Direct]

Felder, Joseph; Scott, Robert (2010). Two-Part Tariff and Aftermarket Duopoly: An Illustration. Journal of Economic Education, v41 n1 p41-53. The authors shed light on the original equipment manufacturer's strategic behavior in the duopoly aftermarket. The original equipment manufacturer, firm 1, captures via its foremarket price some fraction of the aftermarket consumer surplus, where that surplus is generated by consumption of its own and its competitor's aftermarket products. The other firm, firm 2, only operates in the aftermarket and does not capture any of the aftermarket consumer surplus. Assuming a Cournot or Stackelberg duopoly aftermarket with firm 1 as the quantity leader, we find the conditions under which firm 1's aftermarket price is above or below its marginal cost; the conditions under which firm 1's profit falls or increases when firm 2 adds value to its aftermarket product or lowers its marginal cost; and the conditions under which firm 1 is less profitable or more profitable in sharing the aftermarket than it would be alone. (Contains 4 figures and 1 table.)… [Direct]

Day, Stephen; Ferrarini, Tawni Hunt (2014). NAFTA: The World's Largest Trading Zone Turns 20. Social Education, v78 n6 p306-311 Nov-Dec. Everyone under the age of 20 who has grown up in North America has lived in the common market created by NAFTA–the North American Free Trade Agreement. In a zone linking the United States, Canada, and Mexico, most goods and investments flow freely across borders to users, consumers, and investors. In 1994, NAFTA created the largest relatively free trade zone in the world by phasing out tariffs and other trade restrictions on goods and investments. Today, the NAFTA area is home to approximately 450 million people, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of almost $20 trillion. NAFTA countries create 23 percent of the world's total wealth. Twenty years after its enactment, how is the free trade zone working out? Did NAFTA make Canada and Mexico better off at the expense of the United States? Or did it help boost production, employment, investment, and consumption across all three countries?… [Direct]

Green, Francis; Vignoles, Anna (2012). An Empirical Method for Deriving Grade Equivalence for University Entrance Qualifications: An Application to A Levels and the International Baccalaureate. Oxford Review of Education, v38 n4 p473-491. We present a method to compare different qualifications for entry to higher education by studying students' subsequent performance. Using this method for students holding either the International Baccalaureate (IB) or A-levels gaining their degrees in 2010, we estimate an "empirical" equivalence scale between IB grade points and UCAS points whereby, for similar students in the same universities and subjects, final degree performance is independent of the type of entry qualification. The empirical equivalence scale suggests that the official UCAS tariff is too generous to IB students in the allocation of UCAS points. We also compare the points of IB students with the UCAS scores of A level students in the same university. We find that the amount that the official tariff is adjusted by universities is approximately correct in the low-to-middle part of the range (IB points in the low 30s). At the top end of the scale, however, universities have adjusted too far away from the… [Direct]

Behle, Heike (2014). European Mobility of United Kingdom Educated Graduates. Who Stays, Who Goes?. Higher Education Quarterly, v68 n3 p288-304 Jul. Official figures from the Home Office show an increase in mobility of the highly-skilled from the United Kingdom (UK) to other European countries. This paper analyses the social composition of intra-European mobile graduates from the UK in the context of recent political developments (Bologna-Process, European Higher Education Area). Using quantitative and qualitative data from a longitudinal study of students and its follow-up study, the paper compares the social composition and current activity of intra-European mobile graduates with those remaining in the UK. Personal and higher education-related variables together with the current type of employment were significant for the distinction between intra-European mobile graduates and "UK stayers." UK-educated mobile graduates were identified as "Eurostars," who come from high social classes or studied at high tariff higher education institutions. Mobility was identified as one way for UK-educated graduates to avoid… [Direct]

Gotlibovski, Chemi; Kahana, Nava (2009). Second-Degree Price Discrimination: A Graphical and Mathematical Approach. Journal of Economic Education, v40 n1 p68-79 Win. The authors use a relatively simple diagram accompanied by mathematical analysis to compare two pricing strategies: price-quantity packages and a two-part tariff. This is done both from the monopolist's point of view and from the welfare point of view. The authors show that in the case of two consumer types, the price-quantity packages strategy dominates two-part tariff pricing from the monopolist's point of view. However, social welfare may be higher under two-part tariff pricing. (Contains 2 figures and 13 notes.)… [Direct]

Jambor, Paul Z. (2012). Protectionist Measures in Postsecondary Ontario (Canada) TESL. Online Submission TESL in Ontario, Canada, seems to be on an inauspicious path by having set up non-tariff protectionist measures in an apparent attempt to keep out a multinational TESL workforce, effectively going against the spirit of globalization. This paper highlights some of the differences between South Korean TEFL and TESL in Ontario; for the most part contrasting the protectionist practices and the influence of TESL Ontario, on the local TESL industry, to that of a relatively open and unrestricted TEFL industry in South Korea. Essentially, Ontarians may lay a strong claim to having a good command in the Canadian variety of English, as outlined by the Canadian Language Benchmarks, but it is nonetheless the South Korean TEFL industry that Ontario TESL providers have much to learn from in terms of ethical practices, from an international point of view. Should Ontario TESL providers wish to learn some valuable lessons, as outlined in this paper, they could turn to the South Korean model and… [PDF]

Lahiri, Atanu (2010). Essays on Pricing of Information Goods and Services. ProQuest LLC, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester. This dissertation consists of three essays that examine, in three specific contexts, issues related to pricing of information goods and services. As the ability to measure technology resource usage gets easier with increased connectivity, the question whether a technology resource should be priced by the amount of the resource used or by the particular application of the resource has become an important question. In the first essay, this question is examined in the context of pricing of wireless services: should the price be based on the application, e.g., voice, multimedia messages, short messages, or should it be based on the traffic generated? Contrary to the prevailing opinion that hold that consumers prefer pricing based on traffic alone and carriers prefer application-based discrimination, I show that in some instances consumers will prefer application-based discrimination, and that in some carriers will not prefer such discrimination. The first essay uses a deterministic… [Direct]

Winchester, Niven (2006). A Classroom Tariff-Setting Game. Journal of Economic Education, v37 n4 p431-441 Fall. The author outlines a classroom tariff-setting game that allows students to explore the consequences of import tariffs imposed by large countries (countries able to influence world prices). Groups of students represent countries, which are organized into trading pairs. Each group's objective is to maximize welfare by choosing an appropriate ad valorem tariff that may be changed intermittently throughout the game. The game is built on a computable general-equilibrium model, which allows each nation's utility and terms of trade under alternative tariff regimes to be expressed quantitatively. The exercise encourages students to consider terms-of-trade improvements and efficiency losses resulting from large-country tariffs and provides a framework to discuss the Nash equilibrium of a tariff war. The game is a useful supplement to traditional teaching methods. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures and 11 notes.)… [Direct]

Etim, Eyo Akon; Udim, Davies Kelvin (2016). Use of Multimedia in Teaching and Learning of Political Science in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Research in Pedagogy, v6 n2 p154-179. This paper examines the use of multimedia in teaching and learning of political science in University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A survey research was adopted and the tool employed for this research study was a questionnaire titled "Use of Multimedia in Teaching and Learning of Political Science in University of Uyo" (UMTLPSUU). Percentage and independent T-Test were used to analyze the data collected. The data from the study revealed CDs, projector, computer and sound system are available Instructional Multimedia in their respective faculties with 62 (66.2%), 76 (81.7%) and 69 (74.2%) of the respondents affirming it respectively. The study further revealed that, the majority of the respondents do not know the exact number of computer sets available in the department. It was also revealed that between one to five sound systems were available in their department. And the use of computers for teaching in the department is "not very often", same with… [PDF]

Moore, Andrew Garford; Pigden, Louise (2019). Educational Advantage and Employability of UK University Graduates. Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning, v9 n4 p603-619. Purpose: In the UK, the majority of university students specialise and study just one subject at bachelor degree level, commonly known in the UK as a single honours degree. However, nearly all British universities will permit students if they wish to study two or even three subjects, so-called joint or combined honours degrees, internationally known as a double major. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether educational advantage, measured by the "Participation of Local Areas" (POLAR) classification, correlated with rates of graduate destinations for joint and single honours graduates. This study focused particularly on Russell Group and Post-92 Universities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analysed the complete data set provided from the Higher Education Statistics Agency Destination of Leavers from the Higher Education survey, and combined this with data from the POLAR4 quintiles, which aggregate geographical regions across the UK based on the proportion… [Direct]

Lester, Simon (2013). Liberalizing Cross-Border Trade in Higher Education: The Coming Revolution of Online Universities. Policy Analysis No. 720. Cato Institute Recent developments in higher education–with leading institutions starting to offer courses online–suggest that the Internet is going to disrupt this industry, just as it has already disrupted the music and book industries, as well as many others. We are entering a period of experimentation with new business models for higher education, with MOOCs (massive open online courses) being the most prominent among these. Regardless of the specific form the new industry will take, there is likely to be more competition, lower costs, and higher quality. This is great news for consumers of higher education; however, some existing institutions may fare badly in this transition, and are likely to call for government support. The call for support would happen even if higher education were exclusively a national market. Demands for government protection will be even stronger where foreign online competition is hurting traditional domestic institutions. With education now moving online, it has… [PDF]

Fisher, Eric; Mitchell, David T.; Rebelein, Robert P.; Schneider, Patricia H.; Simpson, Nicole B. (2009). A Classroom Experiment on Exchange Rate Determination with Purchasing Power Parity. Journal of Economic Education, v40 n2 p150-165 Spr. The authors developed a classroom experiment on exchange rate determination appropriate for undergraduate courses in macroeconomics and international economics. In the experiment, students represent citizens from different countries and need to obtain currency to purchase goods. By participating in an auction to buy currency, students gain a better understanding of currency markets and exchange rates. The implicit framework for exchange rate determination is one in which prices are perfectly flexible (in the long run) so that purchasing power parity (PPP) prevails. Additional treatments allow students to examine the effects of price changes, tariffs, and nontradable goods on the exchange rate and to explore the possible resulting deviations from PPP. The experiment is suitable for classes of 8 to 50 students and can be run in as short a period as 30 minutes. (Contains 17 notes.)… [Direct]

DeSalvo, Joseph S.; Huq, Mobinul (2002). Introducing Nonlinear Pricing into Consumer Choice Theory. Journal of Economic Education, v33 n2 p166-79 Spr. Describes and contrasts nonlinear and linear pricing in consumer choice theory. Discusses the types of nonlinear pricing: block-declining tariff, two-part tariff, three-part tariff, and quality discounts or premia. States that understanding nonlinear pricing enhances student comprehension of consumer choice theory. Suggests teaching the concept in graduate microeconomics or mathematical economics courses. (JEH)…

Aronoff, Craig (1986). Textiles, Tariffs, and Turnarounds: Profits Improved. Enterprise and Education, p5,11 Fall. The U.S. textile industry may serve as a classic study on regeneration through market forces. The industry has recently made a turnaround in profits after having been recognized as an industry that was losing most of its profits to overseas producers. The reasons for the emerging strength of the industry is that it began to innovate after a protectionist measure was vetoed by President Reagan. New production techniques and applications of computers have been developed, inventory and quality controls have been re-evaluated and new arrangements have been developed with labor at the bargaining table and on the shop floor. Marketing efforts have been changed. The industry has been restructured as mills closed or changed hands and companies merged. Emerging from this process were companies with renewed vigor and discipline. Economic lessons to be learned from the recent textile situation are that: (1) industries try to enlist the aid of the federal government to pass inefficiency to the…

Manrique, Gabriel G. (1988). General Agreement on Tariff and Trade Negotiations: A Computer-Based Simulation. This paper recommends the use of a computer simulation about trade and tariff negotiations to reinforce and apply principles learned in undergraduate international trade courses and to provide students with an opportunity to use the advanced features of Symphony, a computer spreadsheet. This simulation is a game in which both the class and individuals earn performance points. The simulation highlights positive relationships between increased trade and reduced tariffs and reasons for difficulties in implementing global free trade. The paper describes: (1) the role of negotiation in trade and tariff theory; (2) the bases for negotiation in this simulation; (3) the parameters of the simulation; (4) the simulation's procedures; and (5) the steps in using a macro-based spreadsheet. (JHP)…

Cornell, Peter M. (1977). Understanding Canada's International Trade Policy. "Understanding Economics" Series No. 4. Written for secondary school Canadian students, the document examines Canada's international trade policy. It is arranged in three sections. Part I discusses the affect of Canada's trade policy on the individual citizen. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade such as import licenses, preferential purchasing agreements, health and safety standards, and subsidies are explored. The section also outlines the history of the Canadian tariff in relation to the United States tariff since 1869 and notes the effects of the 1974 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Tables present rates of tariffs on primary and manufactured goods, percentages of exports of goods-producing industries, and percentages of Canada's merchandise trade by country and by commodity: farm and fishery, crude materials, fabricated materials, and manufactured products. An analysis of changing demand for exports concludes the chatter. Part II examines trade patterns and Canada's comparative advantage in world…

Geiger, Ingmar R.; Mulford, Matthew A.; Schilling, Martin S. (2006). Collective Bargaining as a Two-Level Game: Direct Learner-Expert Interactions. Simulation & Gaming, v37 n3 p326-338 Sep. In this article, the authors introduce a new feature to model the collective bargaining process: a two-level game setting with direct learner-expert interaction. In the simulation ZUG UM ZUG 2015, participants form union and management negotiation teams to negotiate with each other (first level) and with a management or union "tariff commission," which has to approve proposed contracts (second level). To increase the degree of realism and the teaching effectiveness of the simulation, real-world negotiation experts negotiate in tariff commissions directly with participants. The authors also introduce a negotiation process to facilitate an efficient knowledge transfer from experts to learners. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)… [Direct]

Ludes, Jacob (1972). The Genesee Tariff and the Mayville Riots. Social Science Record, 10, 1, 3-8, Aut 72. A view of Jacksonian America is given in this outline of conditions in Chautauqua County, New York, between the years 1833 and 1836. (JB)…

Bramley, Tom (2001). The Question Tariff Problem in GCSE Mathematics. Evaluation & Research in Education, v15 n2 p95-107. Analyzed data from a session of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) mathematics examination to identify items displaying a bi-modal expected score distribution, try to explain the bi-modality, rescore the items to remove under-used middle categories, and determine the effect on test reliability of rescoring the data. Discusses ways to improve the quality of the score data. (SLD)…

Smoot, Oliver (1994). The NII and the New World Trade Agreement. EDUCOM Review, v29 n2 p26-27 Mar-Apr. Examines the relationship between the National Information Infrastructure (NII) and the new General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Topics discussed include the reduction or elimination of tariffs on NII products; protection of copyrighted works; unresolved trade issues, including the European telecommunications market; standards; and privacy and security issues. (LRW)…

(1995). The Right to Communicate: At What Price? Economic Constraints to the Effective Use of Telecommunications in Education, Science, Culture and in the Circulation of Information. This document presents the findings of a joint study on telecommunications in support of the education, science, culture, communication, and information sectors, particularly from the point of view of developing countries. The topics include: (1) an overview of the present situation from the user's perspective, with a focus on present practices and trends in telematics use and user difficulties and examples of solutions; (2) practices from the point of view of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and telecommunication operators, focusing on general tariff principles as seen by the ITU, tariff policies at the national level, and variations in tariff practice; (3) the options of public authorities in terms of services and policies, and strategies for the future; and (4) recommendations for the definition and organization of demand, standards, tariff policy, and developmental assistance. A list of acronyms and a list of experts who participated in the study are provided…. [PDF]

Passell, Peter; Ross, Leonard (1972). Communications Satellite Tariffs for Television. IBI Monograph Number 3. Dealing with the experiences of and the conditions for international and intercontinental satellite transmissions as they have been carried out during the past decade, this paper focuses on the rules and practices applied within the Intelsat system. The purpose of the paper is to explore the issues involved in establishing tariffs in accord with world-wide public interest in the light of recent economic theory. After an introduction, sections provide a discussion of the organization of television transmission by satellite as it now exists, an overview of how satellite services are priced today, an analysis of alternative means for pricing television transmission in the light of the special cost characteristics of communications and broadcast services, a re-evaluation of current pricing practices on the basis of the preceding analyses, a description of an alternative pricing policy which could stimulate the use of satellite systems for television without imposing undue additional…

(1996). The Utility of a Discount Methodology for Implementing Congressional Intent Regarding Section 254 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Preliminary Findings and Executive Summary. The goal of Section 254 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 is the "equality of affordable, comparably priced access to telecommunication services by schools, libraries, and hospitals regardless of geographic location." The purposes of this study were to provide decision support information to the Joint Board and Federal Communications Commission as they seek to implement that intent; to determine the range of prices charged for telecommunications services within, and among, states; and to test the utility of a proposed discount methodology, utilizing actual tariffed rates for selected school districts across the entire rural-urban continuum. Tariff data was collected from eight states–Florida, West Virginia, Nebraska, Maine, Missouri, Nevada, Texas, and Illinois. Tariffs were collected for the three largest carriers in each state and for three small independent carriers for which tariffs existed. Reported data were limited to 56k, T1, and DS3 services, for which 55… [PDF]

(1969). Free Trade and Tariffs: Level III, Unit 2, Lesson 1; Capitalism, Communism, Socialism: Lesson 2; Nationalism vs. Internationalism: Lesson 3. Advanced General Education Program. A High School Self-Study Program. This self-study program for high-school level contains lessons on: Free Trade and Tariffs; Capitalism, Communism, Socialism; and Nationalism vs. Internationalism. Each of the lessons concludes with a Mastery Test to be completed by the student. (DB)… [PDF]

Schwuchow, Werner (1973). Fundamental Aspects of the Financing of Information Centres. Information Storage and Retrieval, 9, 10, 569-575, Oct 73. Five aspects of financing information centers are discussed: source of funds (public or private), profit-making ability, tax revenues versus fee sources, fee calculation, and forms of tariff structures. (4 references) (SJ)…

(1975). White House Presses New Energy Strategy. Science, 187, 4174, 330-331, Jan 75. Outlines the energy strategy of the Democrats and details the energy proposals of the Ford Administration. The Administration plan involves a complex system of taxes and tariffs and a proposed Synthetic Fuels Commercialization Program. (GS)…

Keune, Reinhard, Ed. (1981). Television News in a North-South Perspective. Reports-Documents-Recommendations of the International Broadcast News Workshop (3rd, Jakarta, Indonesia, February 23-25, 1981). Mass Media Manual. Revised Edition. The papers, speeches, summaries, statements, and reference material in this report deal with issues facing broadcasters throughout the world. Topics addressed by members of the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) reflect recent trends in the international flow of information, satellite tariff reduction, and training schemes in the ABU region. The Arab TV News Exchange is discussed by members of the Arab States Broadcasting Union, while those from the European Broadcasting Union address the news exchange scheme of the Union (Eurovision), observations on future communications, and a plea for reasonable tariffs. Representatives from the North American National Broadcasters Association discuss such topics as the customs clearances of news gathering equipment and guidelines for television media crews travelling abroad. The concerns of the Intervision News Exchange are presented by members of the International Organization of Radio and Television. A study for television news exchanges…

Liss, Alan (1996). Evaluating the ISDN Market. Telecommunications, v30 n10 p66,76 Oct. Discusses bandwidth on demand technologies, including frame relay and ISDNs (integrated services digital networks). Topics include tariff policies; lack of standards; market conditions; growth in the Internet market and the World Wide Web; and the growing need for remote access. (LRW)…

Linder, Jeff (2001). Top Tips for Buying Telecommunication Services. Facilities Manager, v17 n1 p38-40 Jan-Feb. Examines top regulatory issues and other unique issues resulting from this regulatory overlay when negotiating for corporate telecom services. Issues cover such topics as tariffs, rate negotiation, exclusivity provisions, revenue commitments, mid-term negotiations, service-level agreements, and dispute resolution. (GR)…

Bates, Mary Ellen (1993). Dialing Up Telecommunications Information. Database, v16 n3 p68-72 Jun. Describes how to find accurate, current information about telecommunications industries, products and services, rates and tariffs, and regulatory information using electronic information resources available from the private and public sectors. A sidebar article provides contact information for producers and service providers. (KRN)…

(1986). Introduction to International Trade. Intercom, n108 p1-64 Feb. Focusing mainly on United States-Japan relations, this issue provides 11 lesson plans and student handouts dealing with international trade topics such as protective tariffs, currency exchange rates, unofficial trade barriers, causes of unemployment, the balance of payments and the internationalization of the automobile industry. (JDH)…

Bentsen, Lloyd (1982). Improving U.S. Trade. USA Today, v111 n2450 p22-24 Nov. Discusses the need to formulate a coherent trade policy in response to international economic realities. The author argues against a return to trade protectionism and supports efforts to establish workable reciprocity agreements. Increasing import tariffs on high technology products would control access to American markets. (AM)…

Highfill, Jannett K.; Weber, William V. (1994). The Use of Decompositions in International Trade Textbooks. Journal of Economic Education, v25 n3 p275-80 Sum. Asserts that international trade, as compared with international finance or even international economics, is primarily an applied microeconomics field. Discusses decomposition analysis in relation to international trade and tariffs. Reports on an evaluation of the treatment of this topic in eight college-level economics textbooks. (CFR)…

Welch, Mary A., Ed. (1990). International Trade in a Global Environment. Economic Issues for Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, n3 Spr. Analysis of the world market and trade deficits and surpluses are used to examine global economics. The GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) is discussed and presented with the various perspectives on the agreement. A forecast for economics of the '90s and a quiz are included. (EH)… [PDF]

Elson, Henry W. (1926). United States. It's Past and Present. American Book Company This U.S. history textbook aimed to emphasize human interests and human action for the purpose of interesting the young reader, giving at the same time adequate treatment for a book of this grade of the more mature subjects such as tariffs, finances, foreign relations, and governmental problems…. [PDF]

Blumenstyk, Goldie (1995). Patenting After GATT. Chronicle of Higher Education, v41 n30 pA31-32 Apr 7. Effective June 8, 1995, new patent laws resulting from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) will become effective. Some would protect researcher rights to intellectual property. Others may make it harder for institutions to commercialize on faculty and graduate student research due to shortened patent terms. (MSE)…

Costanza, Robert; And Others (1995). Sustainable Trade: A New Paradigm for World Welfare. Environment, v37 n5 p16-20,39-44 Jun. Discusses the environmental impact of the liberalization of trade and calls for the development of a fair and sustainable trading system. Examines the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for their impact on sustainable trade. (LZ)…

Lowry, Pamela E. (1999). Model GATT: A Role-Playing Simulation Course. Journal of Economic Education, v30 n2 p119-26 Spr. Describes an international economics course in which the culminating activity is a simulated General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) conference. Discusses the simulation phases and their timing, as well as modifications for using the simulation in other international-economics settings. Presents student evaluations of the course. (DSK)…

(1984). Computers Help Technicians Become Managers. Instructional Innovator, v29 n3 p18 Mar. Briefly describes the Academy of Advanced Traffic's use of the Numerax electronic tariff library in financial management, business logistics management, and warehousing courses to familiarize future traffic managers with time saving computer-based information systems that will free them to become integral members of their company's decision-making teams. (MBR)…

Learn, Larry L.; McGill, Michael J. (1984). The Telecommunications Environment and Its Implications for System Design. Microcomputers for Information Management: An International Journal for Library and Information Services, v1 n2 p125-37 Jun. Discusses changing telecommunications environment and effect these changes might have on information systems design. Major telecommunications factors and trends reviewed are classified as technical (application of computer technologies to classical telecommunications problems), economic, and regulatory policy related (divestiture of American Telephone and Telegraph Company and resultant new tariff structures). (Author/MBR)…

Office of the Press Secretary of the White House (1997). A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce: An Executive Summary. Telecommunications, v31 n9 p35-36,40 Sep. An abbreviated version of a longer policy document on electronic commerce released by the Clinton Administration, this article examines principles and recommendations on tariffs, taxes, electronic payment systems, uniform commercial code for electronic commerce, intellectual property protection, privacy, security, telecommunications infrastructure and information technology, Internet content, and technical standards. (PEN)…

James, Stephen (1989). Welfare Triangles and Economic Policy Analysis. Economics, v25 pt2 n106 p56-61 Sum. Shows how the concepts of consumer's surplus and producer's surplus can be related to basic welfare economics. Provides illustrations of the ways in which these concepts can be applied in introductory economics courses. Examines the social cost of monopoly, the tax burden, free trade, tariffs, and the English Channel Tunnel. (KO)…

Charnovitz, Steve (1992). GATT and the Environment: Examining the Issues. International Environmental Affairs, v4 n3 p203-33 Sum. Synthesizes the debate concerning what steps should be taken when General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) rules conflict with environmental protection. Discusses using trade to influence other countries; unilateralism; extrajurisdiction application; GATT rights; national environmental measures; multilateral environmental measures; and the need for limits. Includes 126 reference notes. (MDH)…

Williams, Andrew T. (1997). Estimating the Costs to Consumers of the U.S. Sugar Quota: An Exercise for Introductory Economics Classes. Journal of Economic Education, v28 n2 p173-81 Spr. Provides a classroom exercise using the restrictive tariffs on sugar to examine issues of protectionism and international trade. Discusses related issues such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the formation of large regional trading blocks. Includes a hands-on calculation of the economic impact of the quota on consumers. (MJP)…

Goldsmith, James (1992). We're on a Merry-Go-Round to Hell. New Ground, n8 p38-40 Win. Discusses ecological, social, and moral issues associated with destruction of rural communities, industrial agriculture, gene patenting and international trade. Analyzes agricultural ramifications of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Cites these and other measures as the struggle of industrialized countries to maintain control and possibly vehicles for "neo-colonialism." (MCO)…

Hay, Vivian (1996). Is ISDN in Your Future?. Searcher, v4 n5 p45-47 May. Outlines the advantages and disadvantages of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and advises potential users to consider: (1) service availability; (2) service levels offered; (3) service level needed; (4) installation fees; (5) tariff structure; (6) equipment needed; and (7) installation and configuration requirements. A sidebar relates the author's experience getting ISDN installed cheaply following the 1994 Northridge (CA) earthquake. (BEW)…

O'Reilly, Kevin (1984). New Republic to Civil War: Booklet 2. Critical Thinking in American History. [Student Manual]. One of a series of curriculum materials in U.S. history designed to teach critical thinking skills systematically, this student booklet presents high school students with supplementary lessons on the new Republic, the Jacksonian era, slavery and the Civil War. The student booklet begins with a guide to critical thinking which offers an explanation of types of arguments in history, examples of fallacies, a checklist for evaluating evidence, a method for analyzing value positions, ways of identifying assumptions, and models for analyzing arguments. Lesson topics include: the Jay Treaty and John Marshall's role in U.S. history, causes of the War of 1812, the case of "McCulloch versus Maryland," Alexander Hamilton's report on manufacturers, the philosophy of artist Asher B. Durand, the spoils system, the nullification of tariff by South Carolina in 1832, the Tariff of 1818, Jacksonian democracy, defenses of and attacks on slavery, the slave diet, Fort Sumter, viewpoints on the…

Peterson, Roger E. (1970). Television Microwave–1971. Since it became a reality just before World War II, terrestrial microwave has improved in systems and equipments, but with the improvements have come higher costs. Television microwave costs are so high because users are demanding more capability, land prices have increased, operating costs are higher, and there is frequency congestion along many systems. The rate for television microwave service may be as low as $27.50 per mile for the so-called "ETV Tariff," or as high as $90.00 per mile for the tariff 260 used by most commercial stations and networks. There are instances where the television broadcaster or system user can do his own microwave portions to his advantage, but this is not true in all situations. When microwave needs get to multiple channels, several relays, or requires special performance conditions, the user should consider leasing the service from qualified carriers rather than attempting to do it himself. The user can minimize his costs by acquainting… [PDF]

(1977). Communications–Getting the Act Together. This document provides a discussion of the policy implications of a proposed bill introduced in the Canadian House of Commons in Spring 1977 relating to the regulation of telecommunications in Canada. This act, which can be viewed as an attempt to make telecommunications more responsive to changing technology and to provincial concerns, seeks to reemphasize federal jurisdiction over such areas as licensing, programming content, restriction of the freedom of expression, and the setting of rates and tariffs. (Author/STS)…

Allan, Daniel S.; And Others (1981). A Nationwide Communication System for the Hearing Impaired: Strategies Toward Commercial Implementation. Final Report. The purpose of this report is to assess the viability of developing commercial computer communications networks to provide communications services to the deaf community on a nationwide basis. Access to this network is considered for existing Baudot/Weitbrecht Telecommunications Devices for the Deaf (TDDs) and ASCII terminals with Bell modems. The basic communications needs of the deaf and the potential market for a Deaf Network and Associated Services are defined. Examination of key concepts used to determine the commercial feasibility of DNAS, including supply and demand considerations and subsidy mechanisms, is followed by a review of current telecommunications provisions for the deaf, particularly Deafnet, a computer-based communication demonstration system. After discussing factors involved in a national commercial vendor-based framework for DNAS with special consideration of tariff design, the commericial performance of DNAS as it might be offered to a specific target… [PDF]

Isbell, Paul (1998). Purchasing Energy. Managing School Facilities, Guide 5. This booklet examines the purchasing choices which will be available with the introduction of full competition for all electricity and gas supplies in the United Kingdom, giving schools the chance to make significant savings on energy costs. The guide offers detailed purchasing information on such topics as tariff structures, contract energy management, the types of contract energy management available, and transportation charges. The central role of energy management is stressed, and the accounting procedures and tools required to maximize savings are described. (GR)… [PDF]

Phelps, Donald G. (1976). Issues in Primary Prevention in Substance Abuse. A Statement. The purpose of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is to reduce the incidence of social, psychological, and health problems due to the use of alcohol. Soliciting financial support for primary prevention programs is difficult because of: (1) Federal, state, and local revenues derived from sales of alcoholic beverages; (2) The power of the alcohol beverage industry; (3) The lack of data measuring the effectiveness of such programs; (4) The lack of longitudinal studies; and (5) The structure of international trade and tariff agreements. (Author)… [PDF]

(1986). Electronic Collection and Dissemination of Information by Federal Agencies. Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session (April 29, June 26, October 18, 1985). This document provides a complete record of testimony presented at a series of hearings before the U.S. Congress on the electronic collection and dissemination of information by federal agencies. In looking at the effect of new computer and communications technology on government information activities and practices, the hearings considered such issues as the capabilities and expense of modern computerized information systems, and the consequent reevaluation of the role of government agencies in the dissemination of public information. The first day of hearings concentrated on the EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) system developed at the Securities and Exchange Commission. Testimony on the second day considered the proposal of the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) to establish an automated tariff filing and information system. To explore potential conflict between the FMC and the private sector, some of the companies offering tariff automation services… [PDF]

Bellfield, C. R.; Bullock, A. D.; Rikowski, G.; Thomas, H. R. (2000). Funding for the Future: Strategic Research in Further Education. A Report for FEDA. A research study focused on the funding method for further education (FE) in Britain. From a theoretical study of the stimuli built into the new funding methodology, four topics of interest were selected for further investigation. To clarify the arguments, these topics were cast as a series of hypotheses that could then be tested using both national, aggregate data, documentary, and interview evidence from eight case study colleges. Hypothesis 1 was that colleges were subsidizing core provision from their franchising arrangements. Franchising was not without risk, financially or educationally. Franchising has a revealed a divergence in views about what should legitimately be funded as FE. Franchising is used as a vehicle for increasing participation or improving access to FE. Hypothesis 2 was that convergence has worsened the performance of students in FE. Its consequences were seen to be less adverse than expected. Main responses to convergence have been to change the terms and… [PDF]

WITHERSPOON, JOHN P.; And Others (1966). EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM–PHASE III. MULTIPURPOSE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM MODELS WERE DEVELOPED FOR APPLICATION TO HIGHER EDUCATION. THREE MODEL SYSTEMS – INTRASTATE, INTERSTATE, AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES – WERE DESIGNED. THESE SYSTEM DESIGNS WERE ESTABLISHED FOR EASY EVALUATION AND MAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY, WITH A MINIMUM OF PRESET AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT. TWO ALTERNATIVE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS WERE PRESENTED–(1) ONE BASED ON THE TELPAK TARIFF OF TELEPHONE COMPANIES, PROVIDING A NARROW-BAND SERVICE, AND (2) ONE BASED ON MULTIPURPOSE BROADBAND MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION. PLANS FOR EXPERIMENTAL OPERATION AND EVALUATION OF THE THREE MODELS IN A FOLLOWUP PHASE WERE INDICATED. RELATED INFORMATION MAY BE FOUND IN ED 003 165. (RS)… [PDF]

Fan, Cedric (1998). The Story of Foreign Trade and Exchange. This comic-style booklet is one of a series of educational booklets published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The booklet uses everyday language and lively illustrations to explain the benefits of international trade; the effects of tariffs and quotas; the significance of foreign exchange rates; how the foreign exchange market facilities trade; and why central banks sometimes intervene in the foreign exchange market. It provides, in narrative format, a historical context for the beginnings of world trade and defines or explains relevant terms used in international trade. (BT)… [PDF]

(1984). Travel Agent Course Outline. Written for college entry-level travel agent training courses, this course outline can also be used for inservice training programs offered by travel agencies. The outline provides information on the work of a travel agent and gives clear statements on what learners must be able to do by the end of their training. Material is divided into eight modules, each of which is based on 5 to 31 skills. Learning tasks are outlined for each skill. Module topics are orientation to the travel industry, communication skills, world tourism geography, office procedures, package tours, air tariffs and ticketing, ancillary services, and skills and services. A skill profile is attached. (YLB)… [PDF]

Hunter, William T.; Staunton, Ted, Ed. (1983). Canada in the International Economy: A Teaching Unit. One of a series of teaching units designed to introduce secondary school students to the Canadian economy, this handbook contains instructional materials on Canada's role in the world economy. Ten sections contain readings and suggestions for activities related to Canadian trade, tariffs, the Canada-United States automobile pact, Canada-United States free trade, trade policies in the 1980's, balance of payments, the foreign exchange market, capital flows, the Canadian exchange rate, and the international monetary system. Readings are illustrated with charts, graphs, and cartoons. A final section, a teacher's guide, clarifies learning objectives, terms, and suggested activities for each of the student sections. (LP)…

(1987). Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Competition in the Local Loop Section. Papers. Four papers consider competition, new technology and economics of local telephone companies in a deregulated environment: (1) "An Engineering and Policy Analysis of Fiber Introduction into the Residential Subscriber Loop" (Marvin Sirbu, Frank Ferrante, and David Reed); (2) "Competition in the Local Loop: Pricing Carrier Access" (Steve G. Parsons); (3) Default Capacity Tariffs: Smoothing the Transitional Regulatory Asymmetrics in the Telecommunications Marketplace" (Dennis Weisman) (abstract only); and (4) "The Economics of Bypass in a Simple Model of the Telephone Network" (Glenn A. Woroch). The first paper is supplemented by 14 figures and 46 references, and the fourth paper includes a stylized model and six references. (EW)…

Rubenstein, Stan (1988). Land and Freedom [Twenty Lessons for High School American Studies Classroom Instruction]. Twenty self-contained lessons about land and freedom feature activities that can be used with high school social studies classes. The lessons are: Indian Land Ownership, The Dutch and the New World, Colonial Mercantilism, the Declaration and Natural Rights, Jefferson and Liberty, Louisiana Purchase, the Tariff Issue of 1824, Panic of 1837, John Jacob Astor–America's Wealthiest Man, the Antirent Riots in New York State, Irish Immigration, the Mexican Cessions, Railroad Land Grants, Homestead Act, Forty Acres and a Mule, Imperialism in Central America, the Closing of the Frontier, the Reform Period and Henry George, Roosevelt–the Deficit and the New Deal, and Land–Our National Heritage. Each lesson includes a theme, a sub-theme, background, concepts, performance objectives, and related texts. (DB)…

Fisman, Raymond; Wei, Shang-Jin (2004). Tax Rates and Tax Evasion: Evidence from "Missing Imports" in China. Journal of Political Economy, v112 n2 p471 Apr. Tax evasion, by its very nature, is difficult to observe. We quantify the effects of tax rates on tax evasion by examining the relationship in China between the tariff schedule and the "evasion gap," which we define as the difference between Hong Kong's reported exports to China at the product level and China's reported imports from Hong Kong. Our results imply that a one-percentage-point increase in the tax rate is associated with a 3 percent increase in evasion. Furthermore, the evasion gap is negatively correlated with tax rates on closely related products, suggesting that evasion takes place partly through misclassification of imports from higher-taxed categories to lower-taxed ones, in addition to underreporting the value of imports….

Galuszka, Peter (2007). Cultural and Linguistic Ambidexterity. Diverse: Issues in Higher Education, v24 n18 p28-31 Oct. It might sound like a no-brainer that being bilingual or multilingual helps students planning engineering and just about any other career. But it is certainly true and is becoming more important as the economies of nations become more intertwined. What's more, being able to go beyond mere language ability and understand cultural distinctions are extra advantages. For evidence look to UTEP, situated at a pivotal juncture on the U.S.-Mexico border. Directly across the Rio Grande is the large Mexican city of Ciudad Juarez, so about 10 percent of the students are Mexican citizens and a higher percentage speak both English and Spanish. El Paso-Juarez region has emerged as the third largest manufacturing center in North America after Los Angeles and Chicago. On the Mexican side, a complex tapestry of "maquiladoras" or special tax-free production zones got a boost in 1994 when the North American Free Trade Agreement passed. NAFTA was a landmark bill that eliminated many tariffs… [Direct]

Witherspoon, John P. (1966). New Communications Technology and Its Relationship to Instruction. The State of Minnesota is contemplating the establishment of a microwave system to transmit television signals between its institutions of higher learning. Factors to be considered in planning this educational interconnection system relate to the planning of similar systems and networks of systems by other aggregations of states, universities, and organizations. It is especially necessary to place such system-design development in the context of the rapidly changing technology of communication. The flexibility and variety of communication techniques provided by a network save money over the life of a system and improve educational performance. Other aspects of the new technology to be considered are sophistication in computer capabilities and cooperation among institutions of higher learning. Two specific problems must be dealt with: that of copyright laws, and that of laws related to common carrier tariffs. (MT)… [PDF]

Niu, Sarah, Comp. (1988). U.S. Trade Policy: A Selective Bibliography. Bibliography Series Twenty. Robert E. Kennedy Library Bibliography Series, n20. In February 1987, President Ronald Reagan proposed legislation to improve U.S. international trade in order to decrease the trade deficits. This legislative proposal would: (1) renew authority for negotiating agreements to remove trade barriers; (2) reduce self-imposed export barriers; (3) improve existing U.S. trade remedy laws; (4) overhaul programs to benefit workers affected by imports; and (5) amend U.S. regulations and laws to promote international competition. This selected bibliography from Robert E. Kennedy Library (San Luis Obispo, California) lists U.S. government publications available about this legislation. The 252 citations are divided under nine headings that include: (1) background; (2) General Agreement on Tariff and Trade; (3) agricultural trade; (4) trade in service; (5) trade and less developed countries; (6) Generalized System of Preference; (7) protectionism and unfair practice; (8) high tech trade and national security; and (9) current legislations. A subject… [PDF]

Savage, James G., Ed.; Wedemeyer, Dan J., Ed. (1994). Pacific Telecommunications Council Annual Conference Proceedings (16th, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 16-20, 1994). This volume comprises the papers presented at the 1994 conference of the Pacific Telecommunications Council. This gathering, which focused on the theme, "Forging New Links: Focus on Developing Economies," brought together more than 1,100 participants from over 40 countries. The 146 papers are organized chronologically, according to date of presentation. Topics covered in the papers include accounting rates/tariffs, alliances, area networks, asynchronous transfer mode, broadband applications, broadcasting policy, broadcasting technology, cable television, cellular applications, competition/privatization, convergence, data communications, development applications/technologies, multinational/international development policies, national development policies, technology transfer, disaster communications, distance education, foreign investment, INTELSAT, Internet, multimedia, network management, network technologies, personal communications, policy issues, regulatory issues,… [PDF]

Summit, Roger K. (1980). The Emerging Internationalism of Online Information Retrieval. Until 1980 online information retrieval and dissemination services were for the most part based in the United States. Today, however, a variety of information services as well as packet-switched networks are emerging in other countries. Although U.S. developed software still predominates in overall use, activity in Europe and other countries is developing rapidly. Information access services are coming to be seen not only as economically viable, but also as an essential part of each country's national interests. A rivalry between government subsidized services and competitive nonsubsidized services is emerging. Competitive services discourage monopolistic practices and offer the user protection from access controls and price exploitation with the assurance of high quality service and supplier responsiveness. Government subsidized services have encouraged tariff barriers and bilateral agreements detrimental to the user's interests; a user's bill of rights is needed in the areas of…

Janiszewski, Kathryn; Permut, Cathy (1994). Learning To Learn for the Customs Brokers Exam. The Port of Baltimore Workplace Skills Development Project. This set of learning modules was developed during a project to deliver workplace literacy instruction to individuals employed in the more than 50 businesses related to the activities of the Port of Baltimore. It is intended to prepare students for the Customs Brokers examination within a 6-week course period. Actual material from past Customs Brokers examinations and the publication "The Harmonized Tariff," which customs brokers use to find and rate the price of goods, is included throughout the modules. The first module contains a preassessment designed to evaluate students' existing knowledge about customs work and their learning styles. The following topics are covered in the modules 2-6: technical reading and reading comprehension, grammar, punctuation, complex sentences, and test strategies. Each module contains objectives, procedures, student handouts, and learning activities/grammar exercises. Appendixes constituting approximately 50% of the document contain the… [PDF]

Rudolph, Hedwig; And Others (1972). Recurrent Education, Policy and Development in OECD Countries: Recurrent Education in the Federal Republic of Germany. This report, part of a series on the state of recurrent education in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries, focuses on recurrent education in West Germany. The West German thrust for continuing adult education has come from business, industry, and the 1969 Labor Promotion Act which publicly funds vocational training or retraining for adults wanting to enter or reenter the labor market. Section 1 examines elements of recurrent education in the present West German educational system including leave of absence for educational purposes, legal provisions, tariff agreements, administrative regulations, provisions of public funds, the Labor Promotion Act, and regional laws on adult education. Section 2 focuses on future plans for the reconstruction of the educational system to include recurrent education plans and discusses leaves of absence, public funding, reappraisal of the Labor Promotion Act, and possible bills in the provincial…

(1969). President's Task Force on Communications Policy. Staff Paper Five. Part II. The second part of a staff paper to the President's Task Force on Communications Policy dealing with the domestic telecommunications carrier industry consists of the final two appendices. In the first, the history, structure, present services, and future plans of the Western Union Telegraph Company are discussed. Evidence is given that by allowing continual rate increases, the FCC has effectively countenanced a Western Union-administered destruction of the public message telegraph service. Western Union now believes that the telegram is destined to become a high cost, distress service. Hence it is trying to enter new markets, especially computer-based communication service. The solution recommended is transfer to the U.S. Post Office of handling and delivery of telegrams, with tariff revision. The final appendix is a systems analysis of the vertical integration pattern of the Bell Telephone System, with an explanation of the technological and economic pressures which have shaped it….

Knutson, Ronald D. (1995). Commercial Farmers As 1995 Farm Bill Stakeholders. When delivering educational programs for commercial farmers, public policy educators should include some major points related to upcoming deliberations on the 1995 farm bill. This paper provides background material for public policy educators on the following questions. When do farm program benefits become so low that farmers decide not to participate? What is an effective response to economists that advocate free market alternatives to the farm program? How does the implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement (URA) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) affect the 1995 farm bill? What are points of conflict and areas of agreement between farmers and environmentalists in the 1995 farm bill deliberations? What bases exist for developing the coalition required to enact the 1995 farm bill? The case for farm programs is as strong as it has been in the past. However, with fewer farmers, that case must be made more clearly, more convincingly, and with a realization of the… [PDF]

McCorkle, Sarapage (1991). Taxes in U.S. History. This instructional series is designed to enhance the teaching of U.S. history in middle and junior high school classes. This particular school resource package is comprised of three instructional videos, a teacher utilization video, a poster, and other related print materials. Each 20-minute instructional program focuses on an important issue typically taught in U.S. history courses. The video programs include: (1) "The Whiskey Rebellion: First Test of the Federal Power to Tax, 1794"; (2) "The Protective Tariff Issue, 1832"; and (3) "Fairness and the Income Tax, 1909." The programs feature characters of similar age and spirit to middle school students who explore the roles that taxation played in each of the three issues, specifically: (1) the government's need to raise revenues; (2) tax policy's influence on economic behavior; and (3) the issue of fairness in taxes. Lesson activities, discussion suggestions, and the instructional poster reinforce those… [PDF]

Benedick, Gerald R., Ed.; Perez, Lorenzo L., Ed. (1978). Trade Policies toward Developing Countries: The Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Proceedings are presented of a 1977 conference about aspects of international trade negotiations of importance to developing countries. Participants included staff from Washington-based international organizations, various United States departments, Congressional staff, and students of the Foreign Service Institute. Transcripts of three addresses are presented, including comments by two respondents for each paper. The first paper considers special and differential (S&D) treatment measures for exports of developing countries to provide opportunities for improved market-access in developed countries' sectors where quantitative restrictions constitute an important obstacle to trade. The second paper discusses the international experience with safeguard actions under existing rules of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It also makes recommendations to improve the functioning of the safeguard system including provisions of S&D treatment for developing countries. The… [PDF]

(1982). China under the Four Modernizations: Part 2. Selected Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee. Congress of the United States, Ninety-Seventh Congress, Second Session. The politics and performance of the post-Mao Chinese government (1976 to the present) in the areas of foreign economic relations and Sino-American normalization are examined. Realizing that the four modernizations program for bringing up to date agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense, initiated by Mao's successors in 1977, was too ambitious, China's current leadership is in the process of adjusting, reorienting, and retrenching the program into something more pragmatic, realistic, and attainable. Included among the topics discussed in this publication are: China's international trade and finance; China's capital construction and the prospects for foreign participation; China's hard currency export potential and import capacity through 1985; Sino-Japanese economic relations; China's grain imports; Chinese general agreement on tariff and trade; normalization of U.S. commercial relations with China; recent developments in China's trade practices; emerging functions… [PDF]

Rao, Sizigendi Subba (1996). Internet in the Indian Context. This paper presents briefly the concept of the Internet and lists the Internet service providers in India (Education and Research Network from Department of Electronics, National Informatics Network from National Informatics Center, Gateway Internet Access Service from Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, and SOFTNET from Software Technology Parks India) with their objectives, services and tariff. It discusses the preparedness of India to join the information superhighway by mentioning the activities of various organizations, grouping them broadly under business, directories, investment, newspapers, online information, religious, tourism, exhibitions/conferences, software products and campaign. Discussion then moves to the limitations to Internet access in India by way of infrastructure with limitations on leased lines, expensive hourly usage costs due to lack of tie-ups with Internet companies and gauging the popularity of World Wide Web sites. The paper concludes that the booming Indian… [PDF]

Brecht, Richard D.; Walton, A. Ronald (1995). The United States Service Industry in the Global Economy: Maintaining the Comparative Advantage. Recent developments making more urgent the need for second language skills among the United States' population are examined. Specifically, a meeting of representatives of service professions and U.S. trade representatives concerning the ramifications of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) for U.S. citizens is discussed. A major shift from provision of goods to provision of services is forecast, with substantial implications for language skills requirements on the part of U.S. citizens. It is suggested that currently, the effect of the trade agreements is to encourage importation of skills from abroad rather than exportation of skills overseas, because of imbalance in language skills; professionals from other countries commonly have English language skills, while American professionals do not have adequate foreign language skills. Advancement in information technology is seen to render this situation even more urgent…. [PDF]

Aaronson, Susan A. (1996). Trade Is Everybody's Business [and] Teacher's Guide. Trade has been an important factor in United States from the 17th century to the present day. The United States was born out of a trade dispute with Great Britain. From the moment the founders first set pen to paper, trade has helped spur U.S. economic growth. This booklet covers trade topics such as policy, perspectives, difference in nations trading, workers rights, barriers, equity issues, consumers outlook, governments involvement, trade disputes, trade impact on the environment, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) sovereignty. Concluding the booklet is a glossary and a 22-item list of further readings on trade and related topics. The teacher's guide presents ideas for classroom activities along with a pretest, posttest, and classroom handouts with accompanying answer keys. Goals for students to attain are to understand how trade affects individual daily lives; define concepts relating to trade and economic interdependence; know the…

Lee, Richard W. (1974). A Thematic Analysis of Edwin L. Godkin's Editorials in the "Nation," 1865-1899. This thematic analysis of Edward L. Godkin's editorials appearing in the "Nation" seeks to reveal the major themes on which he wrote and then, by quantitative analysis, to provide some order to the themes and to study the interaction of the themes. Five hundred and twelve editorials, written over a period of 35 years and representing one-third of the editorials Godkin wrote for the "Nation," were selected for this study. The factor analysis identified four strong sets of themes in Godkin editorials: affairs of foreign nations; corruption at local, state, and national levels of government–and civil services reform; American business, tariff, and fiscal policy; and American expansionism. Missing is strong presence of themes that marked a changing nation–urbanization, immigration, agriculture, the West, and race relations. Half of the editorials Godkin wrote commented in some form on the affairs of foreign nations. Godkin questioned morality in politics, in… [PDF]

Levine, Paula Naomi (1969). Design, Study and Simulation of Space-Divided Output Buffer for PLATO. This thesis describes the requirements for a buffer storage device, with respect to other system components and its own limitations, which is designed to aid in the economic transmission of processed data from a central computer to distant terminals. Proceeding from the fact that tariff rates on wide band educational television channels are attractive, but that the data format must be compatible with television images and must flow at a rate of 1200 bits per second (BPS), it deals with the major problem of converting sporadic bursts of computer output data into a serial rate of 1200 BPS through the utilization of a buffer storage device. An analytic study of input and output properties, a discussion of feasible assumptions, and descriptions of various models are presented, leading to suggestions for a suitable design of a buffer storage mechanism for the PLATO IV system. Actual data are employed in the determination of design alternatives. A brief outline of the PLATO system as it… [PDF]

Folsom, Burton; Leef, George; Mateer, Dirk (1999). How Reliable Are Michigan High School Economics Textbooks? Sixteen Commonly Used Michigan High School Textbooks Are Graded for Balance, Accuracy, Clarity, and Instruction in the "Economic Way of Thinking." A Mackinac Center Report. This study examined 16 high school economics textbooks commonly used in Michigan. The textbooks were graded for 12 criteria that form the basis for the sound study of economics: (1) the price system and production; (2) competition and monopoly; (3) comparative economic systems; (4) the distribution of income and poverty; (5) the role of government; (6) the role of the entrepreneur; (7) public choice; (8) taxation; (9) the business cycle; (10) wages and unions; (11) trade and tariffs; and (12) money and banking. Of the 16 textbooks examined, three received A's and three received B's; however, three received C's, five received D's, and two received F's. Assessment findings revealed that most texts do a decent job of describing trade, the failure of communism, and the impact of entrepreneurs; however, most are deficient in three areas: competition and monopoly, the economics of taxation, and the lesson of the Great Depression. The report describes the methodology and evaluation… [PDF]

Lee, Robert E. (1995). A Copyright Guide for Authors. This book provides a commentary on the current copyright law as it affects authors of creative works, intended for authors as well as for business people who need to know more than just the fundamentals. The book has application for novelists, playwrights, poets, biographers, journalists, historians, educators, artists, designers, musicians, composers, performers, choreographers, photographers, architects, engineers, and computer programmers. The book's chapters include: (1) subject matter; (2) copyright ownership; (3) exclusive rights; (4) copyright notices; (5) termination of grants; (6) renewals; (7) copyright transfers; (8) deposit and registration; (9) copyright duration; (10) copyright infringements; and (11) international aspects. The first chapter gives an overview of copyright law as well as subject matter. The second chapter shows the evolution of copyright from its origin in Great Britain until the present. Other chapters include information on wills and inheritance and…

(1995). Education, Training, and Research in the Information Society: A National Strategy. This report is a written synthesis of opinions and observations on the role of emerging information technology in Finnish society. It surmises that such technology will benefit the educational system and increase research activity, thereby creating new channels of information access for the public, as long as national policymakers commit themselves to strategies for building education programs that are flexible enough to adapt to changing definitions of information literacy and technological expertise. These programs must not only train students and teachers but extend to citizens at large, providing opportunities for their continuing education. Finland needs to participate in the global electronic library by making more information available in digital format, guaranteeing education and research facilities high-performance computing capacity and reliable network connections, and continuing development of Internet links between schools, businesses, and their communities. Policy… [PDF]

Dewald, William G., Ed.; And Others (1978). The Impact of International Trade and Investment on Employment. A Conference on the Department of Labor Research Results (Washington, D.C., December 2-3, 1976). Taken from a December 1976, conference sponsored by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, these proceedings present research reports on the impact of international trade and investment on U.S. employment. The research, produced or in some instances contracted and monitored by the Department of Labor, is intended to be of use to economists and policymakers. Generally, introductory remarks precede each session part and comments and replies follow the paper's presentation. In the first of seven parts, a sample of industry studies is concerned with the steel and auto industries. Proceedings in part 2 involve labor market adjustments and the issue of displacement. Part 3 introduces a paper evaluating direct labor market effects of the old trade adjustment assistance program before its reformulation under the 1974 Trade Act. The fourth part examines foreign investment and employment. In part 5 a paper is presented on international productivity comparisons. Part 6 is concerned with… [PDF]

Wigand, Rolf T.; And Others (1983). Transborder Data Flow, Informatics and National Policies: A Comparison among 22 Nations. The product of advanced information technology and digital transmission capabilities, transborder data flow (TDF)–the flow of information across national borders via computer and other electronic communications systems–has considerable political, social, economic, and legal implications. Important issues in TDF include (1) the regulation of telecommunication planning and development among various nations without stifling innovations; (2) the protection of personal privacy; (3) the impact of TDF on the cultural identity of information receiving nations; (4) the expatriation of national information; (5) the treatment of information as a commodity; (6) the impact of TDF on developing nations' balance of trade, employment, and infant information services; and (7) the restriction of competition and market entry of transnational corporations through such legislated and nonlegislated barriers as tariffs and prohibitive pricing. While current international legislation on TDF may appear…

(1987). The Effects of Technological Change on the Labor Force. Hearing Summary. Report prepared for the Technology Policy Task Force Transmitted to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session. This report summarizes a hearing to examine the factors contributing to pressures on United States workers and to suggest government, industry, and labor policies. Section I is an introduction. Section II identifies the panelists: Director, Conservation of Human Resources, Columbia University; President, United Steel Workers of America; Senior Fellow in Economics, The Brookings Institution; Retired Vice President, Xerox Corporation; and Study Director, Panel on Technology and Employment, National Academy of Sciences. Section III is a summary of the panel's conclusions and recommendations. The following factors that contribute to employment trends are discussed: technological advances, the balance of trade, and trends in the service sector. Public policies for addressing worker and community dislocations are examined, including revitalizing specific industries, using declining tariffs to finance worker readjustment programs, expediting reemployment, financing training and education,… [PDF]

Irwin, Manley R. (1971). The Telecommunications Industry; Integration Vs. Competition. Vertical integration stands as the salient structural configuration of the telecommunications equipment market. Computer hardware manufacturers are obviously potential competitors with the captive telecommunications equipment suppliers. Direct government policies, such as patents and a permissive attitude toward mergers, and indirect policies, such as tariff practices, import duties, and government buying practices, have contributed toward this vertical integration. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which has encouraged private point-to-point microwave systems and sanctioned at least one specialized common carrier, and the Communication Satellite Act of 1969 represent attempts by the government to foster competition. Vertical integration in an unregulated market protects an industry from both the regulation of a public utility and the accountability of a firm exposed to direct competition. In order to rectify the situation the government should adopt a uniform policy….

(1995). The Employment Challenge: An Agenda for Global Action. A Policy Paper Commissioned by UNDP for the World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, Denmark, March 1995). In May 1994, 26 experts from 10 countries attended a technical meeting on economic policies and employment. After hearing and discussing eight papers on the nature of the employment problem and its macroeconomic solution, the group formulated an outline for global action that called on nations to act together to increase their chances of providing remunerative and sustainable work for all their citizens. Among the principles and recommendations included in the outline were the following: (1) the industrial countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development must coordinate their policies for faster growth; (2) the momentum toward freer trade must be sustained with reductions in tariffs and other barriers by countries at all levels of development; (3) the system of official development assistance should be revamped to concentrate available resources on the countries that need them most; (4) the outstanding debts of the poorest developing countries should be reduced… [PDF]

McGinn, Noel (1993). Planning Education for Regional Economic Integration: The Case of Paraguay and MERCOSUR. This paper examines the possible impact of MERCOSUR on Paraguay's economic and educational systems. MERCOSUR is a trade agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, under which terms all import tariffs among the countries will be eliminated by 1994. The countries will enter into a common economic market. The worst-case scenario resulting from the agreement is one of negative growth in the region. If economic growth is limited to Paraguay's neighboring countries, migration of Paraguayans to those countries could occur. In the best-case scenario, Paraguay could benefit from expansion of exported agricultural products and livestock, which could result in progressive industrialization. However, given the lack of industrial development and education, most analysts believe that Paraguay could suffer when MERCOSUR is implemented fully. Therefore, the country will need to make the following fundamental changes in its educational policy to maintain or improve current standards… [PDF]

(1987). Government Intervention in Agriculture. Measurement, Evaluation, and Implications for Trade Negotiations. Foreign Agricultural Economic Report No. 229. This report presents an analysis that defines and quantifies the extent of government intervention in the agricultural sectors of the market-oriented countries most active in trade. One aim is to provide usable economic information for the multilateral trade negotiations (MTN), recently launched under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Results are designed to measure the levels of support (or taxation) provided to both agricultural producers and consumers using the concept of producer and consumer subsidy equivalents (PSEs and CSEs). Overviews are presented of the agricultural policies and perspectives on the new MTN of the United States and other GATT members, particularly the countries of the European Community, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Charts and narrative descriptions of the calculated PSEs and CSEs are provided for grains, oilseeds, cotton, livestock, dairy products, and sugar in 17 countries. PSEs and CSEs are then compared…. [PDF]

Fishman, Stephen (1996). The Copyright Handbook: How To Protect and Use Written Works. Third Edition. Based on the premise that anyone who works with words needs to understand copyright law, this handbook provides forms and step-by-step instructions for protecting all types of written expression under United States and international copyright law. The handbook discusses: (1) how to register a written work with the copyright office; (2) what types of works can be protected; (3) when and how to use a copyright notice; (4) copyright protection for works for hire, adaptations, new editions, compilations (databases and catalogs), and electronic mail; (5) rights and duration of ownership; (6) transfer of copyright ownership; (7) what constitutes infringement and how to avoid it; (8) how to recognize a derivative work; (9) fair use: when and how copyrighted material can be used; (10) electronic publishing rights; (11) registration of multimedia works and multimedia rights; and (12) the impact of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) on copyright law. The handbook concludes with…

Carlson, Reynold E. (1975). The Andean Common Market: An Experiment in Regional Cooperation. The Grupo Andino (GRAN) was formed in 1969 as an effort at economic integration by six Latin American countries (Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). It was an outgrowth of its predecessor, the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), which had been formed in 1960 with eleven member countries. The Andean Group (GRAN) from the beginning addressed itself to the key factors that had weakened the LAFTA group. Thus (1) it put great stress on strong political support from each of its countries, (2) the sectorial program of industrial development was specifically aimed to increase the industrial capacity of the six member countries while, at the same time, (3) a scheme of automatic tariff reductions with relatively few exceptions was adopted, thereby avoiding the paralyzing effect of bilateral country negotiations on hundreds or thousands of individual items. Its ambitious blueprint includes the development of regional programs in such basic sectors as… [PDF]

Boney, Charles; Fletcher, Mick (2000). The Challenge to Sixth Form Funding: An Introduction to Government Proposals To Change the Way Sixth Forms Are Funded. This document, which is intended for senior staff at the United Kingdom's further education (FE) colleges, examines the content and possible impact of recent government proposals to change how school sixth forms are funded. The following are among the topics discussed in sections 1-8: (1) reasons underlying the talk about change; (2) existing funding policies for the entry and on-programme phases and funding related to learners' achievements; (3) lessons schools can learn from FE (retention, achievement, and guidance; tariff farming; narrowing participation); (4) lessons schools can learn from the pilot schemes run by various local education authorities (LEAs); (5) implications of a new approach for LEAs; (6) two possible ways funds for school sixth forms could be decided (LEAs would continue to decide funding or the Learning and Skills Council would fund LEAs); (7) a possible model for a new approach and case studies illustrating the model's impact at three hypothetical schools;… [PDF]

Kraig, Beth; Schug, Mark C.; Wentworth, Donald R. (1996). United States History. Focus on Economics. This book uses human interest stories to explain perplexing behavior from an economic perspective throughout U.S. history. The set of 15 lessons include: (1) \Indentured Servitude: Why Sell Yourself into Bondage?\; (2) \Do the Right Thing: Free the Slaves, Avoid the War\; (3) \Why Would You Raise Chickens When You Don't Like Eggs? -or- Why Did Farmers Specialize?\; (4) \Who Should Make the Food Safe?\; (5) \The Buffalo Are Back\; (6) \Why Don't Cowboys Ever Ride into the Sunset?\; (7) \How Can Big Business Make Money from Tariffs?\; (8) \Who Invented Bad Breath and Why?\; (9) \Prohibition Then; MADD Today\; (10) \Why Would White Baseball Club Owners Sign Black Players?\; (11) \Where Did the African-American Middle Class Come From?\; (12) \Gift Giving in America: Why Do You Give the People You Love Things They Hate? -or- Do You Care Enough to Send the Very Best?\; (13) \Why Would Grape Pickers Ask People Not to Buy Grapes?\; (14) \Why Have Americans Climbed So Many Mountains?\; and… [PDF]

Gammon, Mary Lou, Comp. (1995). National Congress on Rural Education Proceedings (3rd, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, October 14-18, 1994). Organized and Conducted in Conjunction with the Annual Convention of the National Rural Education Association (85th). This report summarizes the findings of the third National Congress on Rural Education, held during the 1994 convention of the National Rural Education Association (NREA). The Congress considered the following question: What infrastructure is necessary to provide an environment conducive to the effective use of available and emerging technologies in rural schools? Regional forum groups identified needs for and barriers to developing viable technological systems for rural schools, prioritized the needs, and suggested strategies for overcoming barriers and meeting the needs. The most frequently identified needs were intrastate and interstate communications networks, incentives for installation of technology, connectivity of all existing networks, policy guidelines and support, rural leadership and vision for development of technology, and recognition of school systems as "players." The most frequently identified barriers were current systems not being used, "turf"… [PDF]

DiFillipo, Tony (1981). BLS Machine-Readable Data and Tabulating Routines. This report describes the machine-readable data and tabulating routines that the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is prepared to distribute. An introduction discusses the LABSTAT (Labor Statistics) database and the BLS policy on release of unpublished data. Descriptions summarizing data stored in 25 files follow this format: overview, data available, where the data are published, and citations to references providing more detailed descriptions of sampling techniques and statistical reliability. The data files are labor force; occupational employment statistics; industry employment, hours, and earnings–state and area; insured employment and wages; unemployment and labor force–state and area; industry labor turnover–national; industry-occupational matrix; Consumer Price Index; Producer Price Index; industry price indexes; export and import price indexes; Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1972-73; Survey of Consumer Expenditures, 1960-61; input-output matrix; capital stock;… [PDF]

Roach, Miriam; And Others (1981). International Trade: Tennessee's Window on the World. The activities and discussion questions in this unit can be used in secondary social studies classes to teach students about world trade and its role in their personal lives. Although designed for Tennessee classrooms, the unit can be easily adapted for use elsewhere. Many of the activities are self-contained. However, some require the use of readings from booklets and pamphlets listed in the unit. Activities are organized around the following concepts: international trade is Tennessee's window on the world; international trade has many faces; international trade has important side effects and fringe benefits; international trade is promoted by free trade and limited by trade barriers; and international trade is actively promoted by the state governor in Tennessee. The activities are many and varied. Some examples follow. Students must read and summarize at least five articles on international trade in current magazines. Students invite a local banker to explain what is meant by a…

(1979). Information Computer Communications Policy, 2: The Usage of International Data Networks in Europe. This study of the development of international data networks, a phenomena of the 1970's, and policy issues arising from their use is an in depth investigation of 24 private and six public European networks commissioned from Logica Limited and sponsored by the governments of France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden. The report discusses reasons for using international data networks, describes their technological development, investigates transborder applications, presents access control and security problems and their solutions, and analyzes the costs and economics of international networks. The 27 conclusions presented range from the benefits of international data transmission to the participating companies, the involved nations, and the scientific research community to the developing international implications of mutual interdependence, and to the impact of costs on multinational corporations and smaller local users. Predicting that an European public network…

Batman, Kangan; Gadd, Nick; Lucas, Michele (1998). Farm Management and Leadership. Level 1. Level 2. Level 3. Support Materials for Agricultural Training. This publication contains the three communication skills units of the three levels of Support Materials for Agricultural Training (SMAT) in farm management and leadership: Level 1 (starting), 2 (continuing), and 3 (completing). The units are designed to help the learner with the reading, writing, and spoken communication skills needed to deal with farm management. SMAT materials can be used by the individual, with a mentor, or in a group or class. An introduction describes how to use the materials, types of activities, and materials needed. Four types of activities are found in the communication unit: key word activities, reading activities, writing activities, and spoken communication activities. Model answers are provided. Topics covered in Level 1 are application forms, application forms–longer answers, interviews, scanning the classified ads, get to the point, farm management in a drought, and letters. Topics covered in Level 2 include the following: farm plans, farm mission… [PDF]

(1987). Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Alternatives to Rate of Return Regulation Section. Papers. The first of two papers presented in this section, "Price-Caps: Theory and Implementation" (Peter B. Linhart and Roy Radner) describes a proposed method of regulation involving price caps on core services and no price regulation of other services. This method is designed to replace rate-of-return regulation during a transition period to a deregulated long-distance telecommunications industry. In particular, the following implementation issues are addressed: (1) which services should be capped; (2) the starting point for the cap; and (3) changes in the economic environment that should be reflected in the cap, and how they should be reflected. The paper is supplemented by a table, and contains 12 footnote citations. The second paper, "Alternatives to Rate of Return Regulation" (Ingo Vogelsang) (abstract only) introduces a regulatory two-part monopoly pricing mechanism which permits a firm to freely choose the variable price of the two-part tariff as long as the…

Thompson, Fred A. (1972). The Interaction of Cognition and Affect: The Issue of Free Trade. In determining whether an increase in student cognitions in the content area of international trade is correlated with an attitudinal change toward policy issues surrounding that subject, a microeconomics principles class at Riverside City College was used to test the hypothesis that a change in the cognitive component will cause a change in the affective component. Prior to and following instruction on foreign trade, the class was given a cognitive meaning device to test student knowledge of the subject and an attitudinal survey related to free trade and tariffs. Three control groups were used: an introductory college psychology class given no instruction on foreign trade but given the pre- post-tests, a small subset of the experimental group measured by post-test only (to control for "sensitizing" as a result of the pre-test), and a class of graduate students in economics (to check on the hypothesis that an increase in knowledge about foreign trade should result in an… [PDF]

(1984). Legislative Report of the ALA Washington Office, January-June 1984. Nationwide interest in restoring excellence to education continued into 1984, but made no dent in the Reagan administration's determination to eliminate federal library programs. Congress is again resisting this third year of zero budgets, despite efforts to contain soaring federal deficits. Few issues pending in this second session of the 98th Congress have been resolved. Library Services and Construction Act reauthorization appears likely to make it through the process, but efforts in the House to get a head start on Higher Education Act reauthorization have been dropped. Measures to provide a mass book deacidification facility for the Library of Congress, extend the Medical Library Assistance Act, and give independence to the National Archives are pending. There are continuing efforts to restrict, directly or indirectly, access to government information through administration policy in such areas as contracting out of federal activities, federal information management, lobbying…

Byerlee, Derek; And Others (1976). Rural-Urban Migration in Sierra Leone: Determinants and Policy Implications. African Rural Economy Paper No. 13. Study objectives were to: increase the understanding of rural to urban migration processes in Africa and Sierra Leone; develop and test a theoretical schema and survey methodology for migration research; and evaluate the effects of policy on migration. The migration survey was conducted in rural areas, urban areas, and again in the rural areas during 1974-75; the survey featured: rural and urban data collection (socioeconomic and attitude variables); tracing migrants (N=800) from specific locations; integration of migration and farm (500 households) surveys; complete coverage of urban migration streams; simultaneous analysis of rural to rural and rural to urban migration; and multidisciplinary research on migration. Findings indicated: major rural to urban migrants were the young and educated who had high expectations, came from higher income families in the southern regions, migrated to Kono or Freetown, maintained close contact with place of origination, and had urban relatives or…

Chambliss, Robert, Ed.; Fresen, Sue, Ed. (2000). Economics. Teacher's Guide [and Student Guide]. Parallel Alternative Strategies for Students (PASS). This teacher's guide and student guide unit contains supplemental readings, activities, and methods adapted for secondary students who have disabilities and other students with diverse learning needs. The curriculum correlates to Florida's Sunshine State Standards and is divided into the following six units of study: (1) introduction to economics, which addresses opportunity cost, supply and demand, different types of resources, entrepreneurship, property, and economic rent; (2) economic systems, which addresses the market system, command economic system, government controlled command economy, mixed economics, and measuring government control of the economy; (3) supply and demand, which addresses elastic and inelastic demand, fair market price, and profit; (4) economic institutions, which addresses types of business competition, business organizations, the role of banking institutions, and government regulation of the money supply; (5) taxes; and (6) an examination of the American… [PDF]

(1995). Global Visions. Teaching Suggestions and Activity Masters for Unit 1: The Global Marketplace. This is a classroom-ready program about the U.S. economy's number one challenge: globalization. Few historical forces have more power to shape students' lives than globalization, the gradual economic integration of all the world's nations. This program is designed to supplement social studies courses in economics, government, U.S. and world history, world cultures, and geography. The unit contains a newsletter for students in grades 9-12, four reproducible activity masters included in a four-page teacher's guide, and a full-color map, "The Global Marketplace," presented as a full-sized wall poster. The learning objectives are: (1) to define the word 'globalization' as it relates both to the merging of the world's economies and to shifts in the way U.S. corporations operate; (2) to explain why globalization requires workers at all levels to have more flexibility, more skills, and more knowledge; (3) to list two advantages of globalization for consumers; (4) to describe at… [PDF]

Williams, Gary W. (1989). International Agricultural Trade and Policy: Issues and Implications for U.S. Agriculture. Texas Agricultural Market Research Center Special Series Report No. SS-2-89. Historical events have set the stage for the current U.S. agricultural export performance. Agricultural exports in the early 1990s were as large or larger relative to the size of the agricultural sector than at any time since. A dramatic decrease in net farm income was caused by the Great Depression (1929-1932). Following passage of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act and the wave of protectionism it set off around the world, U.S. agricultural exports remained small until the early 1970s, when devaluation of the U.S. dollar and a surge in world demand for agricultural commodities returned agricultural exports to their predepression level. U.S. agriculture is now inextricably linked to world markets. Five issues and developing trends in world agricultural markets have the potential to shift current world patterns of agricultural trade: (1) the current round of multilateral trade negotiations; (2) higher value product trade trends; (3) the scheduled 1992 economic integration of the European…

Estache, Antonio; Foster, Vivien; Wodon, Quentin (2002). Accounting for Poverty in Infrastructure Reform: Learning from Latin America's Experience. WBI Development Studies. This book explores the connections between infrastructure reform and poverty alleviation in Latin America based on a detailed analysis of the effects of a decade of reforms. The book demonstrates that because the access to, and affordability of, basic services is still a major problem, infrastructure investment will be a core component of poverty alleviation programs in the region. It shows that although affordability of service tariffs is often an issue, in many instances, access is a much more important concern in meeting the infrastructure needs of the poor; thus, infrastructure provision is a key poverty-reduction tool. The book's main goal is to provide practical guidelines and methods to help policy makers, reformers, and regulators develop diagnostics to assess infrastructure needs and to ensure that strategies to address them are as cost effective as possible. Special emphasis is placed on data collection and explanations of some of the quantitative methodologies that can…

Shrader, Erwin (1983). Transborder Flow of Computerized Information: Controls and Restrictions. Of major concern to United States position and policy in the telecommunications and information areas is "transborder data flow," the transferring of computer stored data between nations. Many European nations, including France, Austria, and West Germany, have enacted laws regulating the flow of information leaving the country where it would disrupt privacy. The bulk of automated data bases are located in the United States, which completely controls or manipulates most data exchanges between the U.S. and its partners. The U.S. is concerned that these protection laws, particularly those extended to "legal" persons such as corporations and institutions, will disrupt commerce and put American remote data processing at a disadvantage. Privacy protection for a country's citizens thus doubles as protection for its domestic computer industries. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, representing 24 industrialized countries, has drafted guidelines for…

Bates, A. W. (1988). The Use of Satellites for Training in Western Europe. This paper begins with brief background on types of broadcast satellites and satellite programs in Europe. Reception and transmission costs, as well as predicted access to satellite transmissions, are then discussed. Uses of satellites for education and training in countries outside of Europe, particularly the program at the National Technological University in the United States, are summarized. Distinctions are drawn between the various media (television, audio, or data) and configurations (point-to-multipoint or network) used. Descriptions of initiatives underway for the use of satellites for training in Western Europe–PACE, OLYMPUS, COMMETT, and DELTA–are presented. The extension of training beyond national boundaries and establishment of a training communications network are identified as ways satellites could be used. Low cost, easy production, speed, European-wide reach, open access to transmission, security, and funding opportunities are listed as benefits of using… [PDF]

(1978). Economic Evaluation of New Technologies in Higher Education. N.I.E. Report Phase 1, Volume 6 of 7. Part of a series of instructional packages for use in college level economics courses, the document contains nine microeconomics chapters. Chapter I, \Economic Concepts, Issues, and Tools,\ discusses scarcity and choice; preferences, resources, exchange, and economic efficiency; marginal analysis and opportunity cost; and different economic systems. Chapters II and III focus on the concept, influences, assumptions and implications of demand and supply, respectively. Individual and market demand, firm supply in the short run and firm and industry supply in the long run are also discussed. Chapter IV presents the market in terms of concept and operation, changes in market equilibrium, and intervention and dynamic adjustments. Chapter V considers marginal equivalency conditions and economic efficiency. Resource allocation, profit maximizing behavior, and the principles of Adam Smith are presented. Chapter VI describes the organization of industries in terms of perfect and imperfect…

Battu, Daniel Pierre; Rose, John B. (1984). Telecommunication Services for the Transfer of Information and Data: A Case Study in Indonesia. This study on the use of telecommunications to improve access to the specialized information needed for development was conducted by a national team and carried out through a series of meetings in Jakarta and Bandung. Persons contacted included Indonesian officials responsible for national development in information and telecommunications, actual and potential major users of data communications, and officials of two regional organizations. A general discussion of the Indonesian situation is followed by a review of current data communication technology, including computer networks, data networks, and ISDN (integrated services digital networks); packet switched data networks; satellite communication; the SATNET experiment; and tele-informatics services. The existing Indonesian telecommunications network is described as well as the development of national telecommunications services, PACKSATNET, and international facilities and regional cooperation. Specialized, organizational, and…

(1993). U.S. Trade Policy: Competing in a Global Economy. Choices for the 21st Century. Alternatives for Public Debate and Policy Development. This document contains a student text, teacher outline, and lesson plan that places beliefs and values at the center of the national discussion on trade policy. The focus of the unit is particularly relevant with the emergence of U.S. trade policy as a vital public issue. In 1993, two key elements of U.S. trade policy–the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) wil occupy a prominent position on the national agenda. This course can provide students with the tools to express their views on these important topics. At the core of the unit is a framework of three options for U.S. trade policy. By exploring a wide ranging spectrum of alternatives, students gain a deeper understanding of the values underlying specific policy recommendations. The background readings are intended to introduce students to the terms and concepts essential to a basic understanding of international trade. Part 1 uses the history of television…

Nappi, Andrew T., Ed. (1993). Economic Education Experiences of Enterprising Teachers. Volume 30. This book describes award-winning teacher-developed projects and courses in economics. The reports are condensed versions of the original projects and are divided into grade levels. Primary Level includes: \Peanut Economics\ (Janet Lancaster; Dena L. Meade); \Consumer Education Circus\ (Pearl Eloshway; Linda McGeehan); \Critter Cards\ (Joyce G. Beattie; Sue Hatton; Pamela Clark); \Harrisonburg Moneyopoly\ (Barbara Borntrager). Intermediate Level includes: \Look, Mom! I'm a Million Dollar Student!\ (Patricia T. McMillion); \Economics from the Cradle\ (Linda K. Parker; Patti L. Reynolds); \Card Connection: A Business for Children\ (Roberta E. Maselow); \Cookonomics: Catering with 'Class'\ (Greta Howell). Junior High Level includes: \Once Upon a Wall Street Dreary, Economics Made Me Cheery\ (Sheryl Szot Gallaher); \The Economics of Clean Air: Clean Air for Sale\ (John R. Joachim); \Mind Your Own Business: Economics and Entrepreneurship\ (Glenda H. Wills); \The United States Gets a New…

(1999). Ybor City: Cigar Capital of the World. Teaching with Historic Places. This lesson provides a case study about a U.S. immigrant community of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and offers a contrast to the typical textbook coverage which emphasizes immigration from eastern and southern Europe to the big cities of the northern United States. The lesson focuses on Ybor City (now part of Tampa, Florida); it was a multi-ethnic, multi-racial industrial community in the Deep South, a section that traditionally had little industry and few immigrants. Explaining that the popularity of Cuban cigars in the United States combined with a high tariff on cigar imports led some Cuban cigar factory owners to move their factories to Florida and other parts of the United States, the lesson delineates the community of Ybor City with its Cuban immigrant life during the 1890s. Spaniards, Italians, Germans, and Romanian Jews also worked in the industry. The lesson is divided into the following sections which include maps, readings, photographs, and activities: (1)… [PDF]

Grayson, George W. (1993). The North American Free Trade Agreement. Headline Series No. 299. This document discusses the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as a debate over the wisdom of opening the southern United States border to the free flow of goods and services between the United States and Mexico. The book is divided into six chapters. The first is a basic introduction to the development of the idea of a free trade agreement among the nations of North America, and the work of Mexican President Salinas to turn his country around economically. The second chapter discusses the mechanics of U.S. foreign policy formulation including the concept of fast-track that empowers presidential representatives to forge a trade deal with one or more foreign governments. Congress must then accept or reject the accord as a package; no changes are allowed. This section describes President Bush's actions in announcing NAFTA and an action plan keyed to the concerns of labor and environmental groups, especially a memorandum of understanding on worker health and safety between the…